Depth that tube is submerged makes significant difference.

*****!!!!****!!!!*** {Provides excellent definitions of ppm in air vs. liquid, etc} [Helpful note: Molecular weight of Chlorine Dioxide is 67.45] The unit of gas concentration is converted into another unit.

****!!!!!***** Using a methodology that can maintain low chlorine dioxide concentration in air even under high humidity, examined the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus inactivation at a very low gas concentration. It was shown that chlorine dioxide at less than 0.02-0.03 ppm has an ability to inactivate airborne influenza virus under 50% and 70% RH conditions. However, from a viewpoint of infection control, these researchers believed it is a minor effect which is merely additional to the major effect by the humidity itself, when considering the actual load of viruses released from an influenza patient in a room space and still active after certain time. Low concentrations of chlorine dioxide also make much less difference under 30% relative humidity levels common in winter." Original paper https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inactivation-of-Airborne-Influenza-Virus-Using-Low-Nishimura-Hayashi/3cc74aad740dc6e036e76a3e4fdaee02a159a309 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3cc7/4aad740dc6e036e76a3e4fdaee02a159a309.pdf

2016. {Different concentrations and times against different influenza strains.} " Chlorine dioxide may best be used to restore a poultry house to a virus-free state following evidence of influenza infection,"

1990. {At low ppm for only a few seconds} The inactivation of single-particle stocks of human (type 2, Wa) and simian (SA-11) rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide was investigated. Experiments were conducted at 4 degrees C in a standard phosphate-carbonate buffer. Both virus types were rapidly inactivated, within 20 s under alkaline conditions, when chlorine dioxide concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/liter were used. Similar reductions of 10(5)-fold in infectivity required additional exposure time of 120 s at 0.2 mg/liter for Wa and at 0.5 mg/liter for SA-11, respectively, at pH 6.0. The inactivation of both virus types was moderate at neutral pH, and the sensitivities to chlorine dioxide were similar. The observed enhancement of virucidal efficiency with increasing pH was contrary to earlier findings with chlorine- and ozone-treated rotavirus particles, where efficiencies decreased with increasing alkalinity.

******!!!!****!!!!****!!!*** 2012. {Note: Click "Download full text" and wait. Full text file will download to your computer} "More than half of the ClO2 gas decomposed indoors." Gaseous ClO2 is chemically dissociated by light with wavelengths between 350 nm and 475 nm. They reported that the dominant (96%) dissociation products were ClO and O (atomic oxygen). It is important to take into account whether these dissociation products are toxic to humans. Judging from the short lifetime of O (39 ns), the toxic effect of this chemical, if ever present, would be negligible... High air temperatures and light irradiation accelerated the decrease of ClO2 gas concentration; the latter had the greatest influence. A quicker decay of concentration and greater value of the reaction rate constant of ClO2 were found under irradiated conditions, especially when a UV lamp was used... ClO2 gas concentration was significantly reduced when an evaporative humidifier was employed due to adsorption and a chemical reaction between the gas and the filter in the humidifier. The results obtained from these experiments can be used to predict the indoor concentration of ClO2 gas" "it was concluded that indoor humidity does not affect the reaction of the ClO2 gas" "an aquarium... filled with 10 L(2.64 gal) water was set in the room" "indoor ClO2 gas levels were lower in the room where water was present because the gas dissolved in water" "Ogata and Shibata (2008) reported that ****!! ClO2 gas concentration in virus aerosols is theoretically 0.12 µM when the aerosols are in equilibrium with 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas !!****, based on their revealed Henry’s equilibrium gas constant k = 3.9 × 10−5 mol 1−1 Pa−1. The present experiment showed higher concentrations of ClO2 in the water"

Answer: IMO, you should not. A small amount (1–2 drops) of bleach may sterilize the humidifier, but enough to evaporate chlorine to sterilize the room is dangerous to you. It would be interesting to find out if coronavirus were destroyed in rooms around indoor pools, where the chlorination makes...

2010. This study aims to monitor bioaerosol levels of a local campus of a student health center in Taiwan and then to perform disinfection by applying chlorine dioxide. First, air samples were taken and evaluated in the six areas of the center. The average background bioaerosol levels were 714 +/- 1706 CF …

***Mentions use of Chlorine Dioxide in Air in Occupied Areas to combat respiratory infections.

CDC - NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding

2017. ****!!!!**** Chlorine Dioxide in Air tested on rats, with no significant damage. Personal air disinfectant of chlorine dioxide (gel?) had high virucidal activity against influenza virus; when CD was used at low, low-toxic concentrations, the virus titer in the air samples was reduced by 90% at 1–3 min, by 97% at 3–5 min, and by 99% at 10–12 min. Device was effective at least 30 days. The inhalation toxicity of CD was investigated in the experiments using the rats that were kept in an atmosphere of CD for a certain time. Then the structure of the trachea and lungs examined; the degree of oxidative stress was estimated from the tissue level of malonic aldehyde and the changes in the gene expression of all classes of antioxidant enzymes (a total of 15). The structure of the tracheal and lung epithelium was ascertained to be completely preserved; there were no increases in apoptotic cell death in both tissues or in lipid peroxidation in lung tissue. The enhanced protection of tracheal and lung epithelial cells against the highly toxic reactive oxygen species generated in the tissues is associated with the activation of gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in the epithelium, which is observed within the first hours after action of CDFull text (partially translated) at https://medi.ru/info/13658/

{Also includes treatment by nebulized inhalation} Disclosed is a countermeasure against the infection with a floating virus, which is characterized by supplying a ***chlorine dioxide** gas to a space suspected of the presence of a floating virus to such an extent that the concentration of the chlorine dioxide gas in the space becomes a concentration at which an animal can survive but the floating virus is deactivated.

2009 patent publication date. When the chlorine dioxide concentration was 0.07 ppm, there was about 60% reduction (45/71) in the enzyme activity"

*******!!!******** {Abstract}

Wide variety ranging from

2017. Fumigation with gaseous chlorine dioxide using *passive* method [Mixture of liquids was poured in an aluminum foil plate and fumes were produced by boiling the liquid through an electric heating plate.] Room temperature (around 27 to 28°C) and humidity (around 57 to 59%). Tests were performed with 125 mL or 250 mL of ClO2 liquid (containing 2,000 ppm of ClO2). Type of bacteria: E. coli or Salmonella) placed in different locations. Air samples were collected at 10 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h before and after fumigation. Both levels of ClO2 were capable of reducing the concentration of E. coli from broiler house air during all measuring periods except 10 min, with highest disinfection rate being observed at 6 h. With the exception of 1 h, the concentration of Salmonella was also reduced after fumigation with ClO2 in all measuring periods; with the highest disinfection rate occurring at 6 h. Fumigation with ClO2 had no negative effect on birds’ health

2012. Continuous aerosol spraying with a nontoxic alcohol-free disinfectant [What type?] can control airborne pathogens in patient areas of hospitals and in laboratories.

I have asked two times the following question:I want to calculate the gas concentration, in ppm, in the closed chamber of volume 1025 cm3. I have a cylinder of mixture of NH3 and air with the 10...

When measuring gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, or methane, the term concentration is used to describe the amount of gas by volume in the air. The 2 most common units of measurement are parts-per

2015. Objective: This study aims to explore the effects of encapsulation of chlorine dioxide in a hydrophilic biodegradable polymer gelatin to reduce its release rate. Methods: An emulsification-coacervation method was adopted. The characterizations of chlorine ...

Mentions dilute Chlorine Dioxide 100 -400PPM, Dilute Sodium Hypochlorite 100-500PPM & Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide 100 – 400PPM can be used as a disinfectant for tunnel after consultation with Doctors. [Chlorine dioxide concentration recommendation seems excessively high? Is recommended sodium hypochlorite concentration level as low as it is because of its toxic effects on the body?]

July 2020. "At 48% and 75% humidity, the decay rate constants of ClO2 gas were 0.0034 min−1 and 0.0036 min−1, respectively. The rate of decline of the ClO2 concentration increased as the humidity of the environment increased. The decay rate constant of ClO2 gas at an illuminance of 76 lux and 3429 lux was 0.0034 min−1 and 0.00427 min−1, respectively; hence, the decay rate increased with increased illumination. At a humidity of 72% and illuminance of 2112 lux, the decay rate constant reached 0.00880 min−1. The effects of humidity and illuminance on the attenuation of the ClO2 concentration were strongly synergistic. When the gas concentration was maintained below 0.9 mg/m3, the disinfection rate of ClO2 on bacteria (P. aeruginosa, V. mimicus and S. aureus) exceeded 99.9%; thus, ClO2 gas exhibited a high disinfection efficiency. In addition, there was no corrosion to various metals by ClO2 under the same conditions."

2018. Pet shops have a high concentration of bioaerosols. Thus, effective disinfection protocols are essential to protect the pet shop staff and visitors. The present study examines the effectiveness of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) fogging [Based on context, it sounds like chlorine dioxide was probably actually dispensed in humidifier while areas were occupied.] in minimizing the residual bacteria and fungi levels in a typical pet shop in Taiwan consisting of a commodity area, a lodging area, and a grooming area. Tested different disinfection periods, namely once every hour (1DM), once every 2 h (2DM), and once every 3 h (3DM). To assess the effect of the environmental factors on the disinfection efficiency, measurements are taken of temperature, relative humidity, airflow velocity, the carbon dioxide concentration, the PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, and TSP level at each sampling locations. The results reveal that the effectiveness of the three disinfection modes depends on both the environmental parameters and the use of the three areas (e.g., commodity, lodging, or grooming). Hence, the choice of disinfection method should be adjusted accordingly. For all three disinfection modes, a faster air velocity is beneficial in spreading the disinfectant throughout the indoor space and improving the disinfection performance.

2013. Public elevators are an essential requirement in modern high-rise buildings. However, the confined, crowded interior of an elevator provides an ideal breeding ground for all manners of biological aerosols. Consequently, when using an elevator at a university in Taiwan as the research target, this st …

2011. {Also includes references several other studies of airborne use} The average background levels of bacteria and fungi before disinfection were found to be 1,142 ± 455.4 CFU/m3 and 520 ± 442.4 CFU/m3, respectively. Chlorine dioxide (0.3 mg/m3) was applied using three different methods, namely a single, one-off application, multiple applications within a single day, and regular (daily) applications. Among the three disinfection methods, the regular application method was found to yield a high disinfection efficiency for both bacteria and fungi, i.e., 6.5 ± 0.7% and 4.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. The average residual bacteria and fungi levels after regular daily interval disinfection were 318.8 ± 51.5 CFU/m3 and 254.0 ± 43.8 CFU/m3, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that the air quality guidelines prescribed by the Taiwan EPA for SHCs and other healthcare facilities can best be achieved by applying chlorine dioxide at regular (daily) intervals.

2007. Chlorine dioxide disinfectant (193 ppm) was capable of sterilizing medical disposal of 3.2 × 10 CFU/mL with disinfection efficiency higher than 99.9% in the physician out-patient department. Spraying 1 mL of 200 ppm chloride dioxide solution twice onto the surfaces of different objects using the hand-held sprayer, the comparison for average disinfection efficiencies of the samples was door knob (100%) = handset of telephone (100%) & chair cushion (90.3%) & floor (20.5%) in series. In addition, the background data of biological aerosols also revealed that the comparison of average space colony numbers was semi-closed out-patient area in the physician department (318 CFU/m) & semi-closed out-patient area in the surgical department (183 CFU/m) & open-space emergency ward (58 CFU/m) in series. After using ultrasonic aerosol and handheld sprayer ways to sprinkle the chlorine dioxide solution into hospital spaces for 30 minutes, disinfection efficiency approached 95.0 %. The disinfection efficiency of chlorine dioxide in gas or solution phase is notably affirmative and available for the infection control of hospital.

Atomization of a new mineral oxychloride solution opens opportunities for fast and large-scale control of the spread of aerosolized pathogens

Chlorine dioxide and Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. {Does not specify CD ppm. Instructions are to dilute Sodium Chlorite with 10% Acid Solution, etc}

2016. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. Air concentration levels were 0.01-0.03 ppm. In test chamber, ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. In the operating room of a hospital, viable airborne bacteria collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively.