2018

****!!!!****!!!!**** {Taiko} "Can be applied to any space that can be in a closed state or an open state... Can be supplied at a concentration at which the animal can survive but the suspended microorganisms are inactivated. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to a space where an animal exists. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to living spaces (eg, residences, offices), medical institutions (eg, hospital waiting rooms, examination rooms, treatment rooms, operating rooms, anterior rooms, hospital rooms), research institutions, disaster medical facilities (eg, disaster containers, tents), public facilities (eg, stations, airports, schools), vehicles... When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is set to 0.00001 ppm to 0.01 ppm, there is no problem even if chlorine dioxide gas is continuously supplied. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.01 ppm to 0.1 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 10 minutes to 480 minutes, and 15 minutes to 90 minutes. More preferably, it is more preferably 15 minutes to 60 minutes. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.1 ppm to 0.3 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 0.5 minutes to 480 minutes, preferably 1 minute to 60 minutes is more preferable, and 2 minutes to 15 minutes is even more preferable."

2016. {CD in vet office air. Contains precise air measurements} This study performed an experimental investigation into the efficiency of two different gaseous chlorine dioxide (0.3 mg m−3) treatments in disinfecting a local pet's hospital, namely a single, one-off application and a multiple-daily application. In both cases, the ClO2 was applied using strategically-placed aerosol devices. The air quality before and after disinfection was evaluated by measuring the bioaerosol levels of bacteria and fungi. The experimental results found that the average background levels of bacteria and fungi prior to ClO2 disinfection were found to be 2014 ± 1350 and 1002 ± 669 CFU m−3, respectively. A single ClO2 application was found to total disinfected bacteria and fungi concentration levels by as much as 57.3 and 57.6%. By contrast, a multiple-daily ClO2 application was found to total disinfected bacteria and fungi concentration levels by as much as 65.1 and 57.6%. Among the two disinfection methods, the multiple-daily ClO2 application method was found to yield a higher disinfection efficiency for bacteria, i.e., 16.28 ± 0.92%.

2012. Ogata. Journal of General Virology. Airborne influenza virus infection of mice can be prevented by gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2). This study demonstrated that ClO2 abolished the function o...

Feb 2020. Research here was to evaluate the possibility of using an extremely low-concentration gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2, 0.01 ppmv, 0.028 mg/m3) as a technique to reduce the risk of environmental infection by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). In this study we set up an exposure chamber (1 m3) and used three types of GNB, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. The extremely low-concentration gaseous ClO2 inactivated E. coli (> 2 log10 reductions, within 2 h), P. aeruginosa (> 4 log10 reductions, within 2 h) and A. baumannii (> 2 log10 reductions, within 3 h) in wet conditions on glass dishes. Treatment of *moist* environments with extremely low-concentration gaseous ClO2 may help to reduce the risk of environmental infection by GNB without harmful effects.

****!!!!****!!!!**** 2016. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. In one set of experiments, a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage ΦX174 were released into an exposure chamber. When ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present in the chamber, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. The reductions were markedly greater than the natural reductions of the microbes in the chamber. In another experiment, the numbers of viable airborne bacteria in the operating room of a hospital collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively. Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas at extremely low concentrations (≤0.03 ppm) can reduce the number of viable microbes floating in the air in a room. These results strongly support the potential use of ClO2 gas at a non-toxic level to reduce infections caused by the inhalation of pathogenic microbes in nursing homes and medical facilities.

****!!!!****!!!! 2008. {As a relevant additional finding, this study indicates also that chlorine dioxide was not effective as a nebulization treatment for flu under the test conditions} "A virus was prevented by chlorine dioxide gas at an extremely low concentration (below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans, namely 0.1 ppm). Mice in semi-closed cages were exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus (1 LD(50)) and 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas simultaneously for 15 min. Three days after exposure, pulmonary virus titre (TCID(50)) was 10(2.6+/-1.5) in five mice treated with ClO(2), whilst it was 10(6.7+/-0.2) in five mice that had not been treated). Cumulative mortality after 16 days was 0/10 mice treated with ClO(2) and 7/10 mice that had not been treated." "ClO2 gas inactivated the virus before it entered the lungs, but that it lacked the ability to inactivate viruses thathad already entered the lungs and established infection" "In in vitro experiments, ClO(2) denatured viral envelope proteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that are indispensable for infectivity of the virus, and abolished infectivity." "When the diameter of the aerosolis in the range 1–10 micrometers, as in the present experiment, equilibrium is reached within 1 min. We also found that Henry’s equilibrium gas constant k regarding the ClO2–water equilibrium, namely k in the above equation, was 3.9 x 10-5 mol 1-1 Pa-1" "This suggests further that theinfluenza A virus is inactivated at 0.12 micromolar ClO2 in water [Note: Molar concentration is measured as the ratio of the amount of substance in moles to the total volume of the solution]" "Taken together, we conclude that ClO(2) gas is effective at preventing aerosol-induced influenza virus infection in mice by denaturing viral envelope proteins at a concentration well below the permissible exposure level to humans. ClO(2) gas could therefore be useful as a preventive means against influenza in places of human activity without necessitating evacuation."

"administrative punishments last month on 17 companies for... exaggerating the effects of their pharmaceutical products that supposedly sterilize living spaces. The agency said the companies failed to present reasonable data"

(2013). The cafeteria had a volume of 2375 m3. Thus, to satisfy the 8-hr TWA limit of 0.3 mg/m3, disinfection was performed using 250 mg/L ClO2 solution. In performing the disinfection process, the ClO2 solution was equally divided among six ultrasonic aerosol devices (i.e., less than 0.475 L per container)

{Does this calculation actually need a 2.8 conversion integrated??} "Since 540 ml of chlorine dioxide solution (250 mg/l) was prepared and sprayed into the space of 450 m3, the concentration was 0.3 mg/m3 (0.1 mg/l as ClO2)."

2017. Reliability of a commercially available chemical product sold in Japan that has been claimed to inactivate viruses and kill bacteria was tested. {0.03 concentration of CD from bottle of CD gas product at 25% RH and 20 Celsius didn't deactivate virus or bacteria in 25 m3 closed environment}

2016. Deodorizer-style can of chlorine dioxide gas tested did not deactivate viruses under the test parameters.

2017 {Tests of some hang-tag devices}

(2010). Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has a strong antiviral effect, and can disinfect the surface of object and the air in space. In recent study on interaction between ClO2 and protein, ClO2 oxidatively modified tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and the pro-tein was structurally denatured. Since hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus A/H1N1 were inactivated by the reaction with ClO2, it is likely that denaturation of the proteins caused inactivation of the virus. A low concentration (0.03 ppm) of ClO2 gas, where people can stay for a long period of time without any harmful effect, prevented the death of mice (0 of 10 mice versus 7 of 10 in controls) caused by infection of influenza virus delivered as aerosol. We review current information based on the efficiency of ClO2 solution and gas, and also discuss the application of ClO2 against influenza pandemics outbreak.

A new proposal for aerial disinfection by low concentration chlorine dioxide gas

Taiko Cleverin Powersabre Pen Type 2 Sticks. Replace the stick every two weeks. The components start spreading when it turns to yellow. Break the stick from the center.

Introducing Cleverin Toilet Deodorizer & Disinfectant Mint at Earth Corporation. With the power of chlorine dioxide, it removes airborne bacteria and odor-causing bacteria in the toilet space.