****!!!!****!!!!**** (2020). [It seems that light source was solely sunlight through glass window] "The illuminance was adjusted by opening or closing the curtain in the office"

****!!!!**** "We demonstrated here that ClO[2] gas is easily generated by mixing 3.35% sodium chlorite solution (Purogene) and 85% phosphoric acid at a 10:1 volume ratio..." "Under high-humidity (approximately 80% relative humidity), colony formation of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was completely inhibited by ClO2 gas exposure at 1.0 ml/m3 sodium chlorite solution (mean maximal concentration of 3.0 ppm). Exposure at 4.0 ml/m3 sodium chlorite solution (mean maximal concentration of 10.6 ppm) achieved complete inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores. In contrast, without humidification, the efficacy of ClO2 gas was apparently attenuated, suggesting that the atmospheric moisture is indispensable. Delicate electronic devices (computer, camera, etc.) operated normally, even after being subjected to more than 20 times of fumigation."

****!!!!****!!!!*** "One of Raytec's patents covers the use of dry-media chlorine dioxide in air filtration systems. These systems use a multi-stage oxidizing process, which allows for the decontamination of air and the discharge of clean air without residual chemicals. Raytec has built and tested several of these filters,which can be used as a continuous treatment process in buildings, homes, malls, airplanes and any other environments where indoor air quality is of concern." "The main application for Raytec's tea bag technology is as a wash to sanitize produce and other products suspected to be contaminated with bacteria of any kind."

****!!!!****!!!*** "A single ClO2 application was found to reduce the bacterial and fungal concentration levels by as much as 65% and 30%, respectively. By contrast, a twice-daily ClO2 application was found to reduce the bacterial and fungal concentration levels by as much as 74% and 38%, respectively. The statistical analysis results showed that the residual bacterial concentration level was determined primarily by the number of individuals present in the cafeteria, the temperature, and the ClO2 concentration, whereas the residual fungal concentration level was determined mainly by the temperature, the total number of suspended particles, and the ClO2 concentration."

****!!!!****!!!!*** {Original paper at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yakushi/127/4/127_4_773/_pdf} "The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at very low concentrations for hyphal growth of Alternaria alternata related to fungal allergy was evaluated... ClO2 gas (average 0.075 ppm, 0.21mg/l) inhibited hyphal growth of the fungus, but not germination of fungal spores. The hyphal length was more than 1780mm under air conditions(control)and 49±17mm unde rClO2 gas conditions for 72 h. According to the international chemical safety card, threshold limit values for ClO2 gas are 0.1 ppm as an 8-h time-weight average and 0.3 ppm as a 15 min short-term exposure limit. From these data, we propose that treatment with ClO2 gas at very low concentrations in space is a useful tool for the growth inhibition of fungi in the fields of food, medicine,etc. without adverse eŠects"

"Sanitary and hygienic studies were carried out to assess the real danger of finely dispersed chlorine dioxide aerosols when processing air in rooms for personnel of medical organizations. High concentrations of chlorine dioxide are retained in the air during exposure and removed after ventilation. Evaluation of the safety of the use of three "sachets", which, upon activation, emit chlorine dioxide in the form of vapor, was carried out on white rats, taking into account various toxicity indicators. Recommended for use in the adult population."

***** {Calculation methods for air concentrations of gas in ppm"the OSHA PEL in mg/m3 is absolutely fixed and not subject to corrections for temperature and pressure." "This constraint implies that volume concentration of gases in parts per million (ppm) must be with reference to some defined temperature and pressure; these are NTP (25 °C and 760 mm Hg) in the OSHA PEL limit."

"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computed results are presented with streamlines and vector plots to observe the flow conditions inside the package. "

Concentration of a pollution in a limited space as a room depends on the amount of polluted material spread in the room, supply of fresh air, outlets positions and construction, principles used for supply and outlet from the space

When measuring gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, or methane, the term concentration is used to describe the amount of gas by volume in the air. The 2 most common units of measurement are parts-per

*****!!!!****!!!!*** {Provides excellent definitions of ppm in air vs. liquid, etc} [Helpful note: Molecular weight of Chlorine Dioxide is 67.45] The unit of gas concentration is converted into another unit.

******!!!!!******** "Organic films are probably common on atmospheric aerosol particles and that they may occur under certain circumstances on fog droplets, cloud droplets, and snowflakes. If present, they will increase the lifetimes of aerosol particles, fog droplets, and cloud droplets, both by inhibiting water vapor evaporation and by reducing the efficiency with which these atmospheric components are scavenged. The presence of the films will not cause a significant reduction of solar radiation within the aqueous solution. It appears likely, however, that the transport of gaseous molecules into and out of the aqueous solution will be impeded by factors of several hundred or more when organic films are present. Since incorporated gas molecules provide much of the oxidizing potential of atmospheric water droplets, the organic films will play a major role in droplet chemistry by strongly inhibiting solution oxidation."

****!!!!****!!! "The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) gas at very low concentrations for hyphal growth of Alternaria alternata related to fungal allergy was evaluated using a fungus detector. The fungus detector is a plastic sheet with a drop of spore-suspending medium, and it makes possible clear observations of hyphal growth with a light microscope. ClO(2) gas (average 0.075 ppm, 0.21 microg/l) inhibited hyphal growth of the fungus, but not germination of fungal spores. The hyphal length was more than 1780 mum under air conditions (control) and 49+/-17 microm under ClO(2) gas conditions for 72 h. According to the international chemical safety card, threshold limit values for ClO(2) gas are 0.1 ppm as an 8-h time-weight average and 0.3 ppm as a 15 min short-term exposure limit. From these data, we propose that treatment with ClO(2) gas at very low concentrations in space is a useful tool for the growth inhibition of fungi in the fields of food, medicine, etc. without adverse effects."

*********** (2020) {Use of low levels of chlorine dioxide in air as disinfectant in hospital laundry and dishwashing rooms}

2009 thesis. "Dioxy MP 14 is a locally developed form of stabilized chlorine dioxide in an aqueous medium. It has all the sanitizing properties of chlorine dioxide gas, a neutral compound of chlorine in the +IV oxidation state, which has been used extensively as a non-toxic sterilizing agent with various applications. In this study, Dioxy MP14 was tested in a commercial chicken pen to determine its effectiveness as an environmental sanitizing agent. Control of environmental microbes in a chicken pen is important to ensure healthy birds and optimum egg production. The biocide was introduced via an overhead misting system with a variable dosing pump at various daily frequencies. The effectiveness of environmental microorganism control was determined with air settle plates. The health and performance of the chickens were evaluated and compared to chickens in a control pen. The results show a decrease in airborne microbial load in the treated pen. Better egg production and lower mortality of the chickens in the treated pen compared to the control pen, indicate effective environmental microbial control was achieved with a residual 7.46 ppm Dioxy MP 14 at a daily dose given for 5 minutes every 2 hours. This study was a pilot study, with encouraging results, for an extended study to investigate the feasibility of introducing Dioxy MP 14 through a misting system in a clinical environment (clinics and hospitals) to control airborne pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis thereby reducing the infection risks for clinical workers and medical staff."

{***Includes useful illustration of size related to viruses, bacteria, etc} At 124 picometers (0.000124 micrometers), a chlorine dioxide gas molecule is *****much smaller than any microorganism****. Chlorine dioxide is a real gas and by definition expands and conforms to the shape of the area in which it is held and acquires a uniform density inside that area, even in the presence of gravity and also regardless of the amount of equipment in the area. This property of chlorine dioxide gas allows it to easily penetrate and disinfect locations where other fumigant applications such as dry fog is not able to effectively reach.

{Also includes treatment by nebulized inhalation} Disclosed is a countermeasure against the infection with a floating virus, which is characterized by supplying a ***chlorine dioxide** gas to a space suspected of the presence of a floating virus to such an extent that the concentration of the chlorine dioxide gas in the space becomes a concentration at which an animal can survive but the floating virus is deactivated.

*******Prehumidifying to 70-75% RH for 1 hour made B subtilis niger far more susceptible to Chlorine Dioxide, inactivating 10-6 spores in 5 mins without tailing with an estimated D value of 0.55 min.Using controlled humidity, gas concentration, and temperature at atmospheric pressure, standard biological indicators (BIs) and spore disks .

(2020) {Airborne use of Chlorine Dioxide mentioned as approved for poultry hatcheries} {Includes concentrations & contact times for pathogens.} Mentioned: In egg room: *** "Humidification water is treated with 40 ppm of available chlorine dioxide to prevent the build-up and airborne spread of odor-causing microorganisms." -- In incubator room: *** "20 ppm of available chlorine dioxide is added to water in the humidification system or the air filters are sprayed with a 100 ppm solution of available chlorine dioxide to reduce airborne bacterial contamination." ***

2010. Up to 4 mg/L of chlorine dioxide gas (generated from gel and solution) was emitted into occupied areas of a dental office, including an operating room, for workday. Air conditioning unit with plasma filter and high-efficiency particulate filter were also tested. After office closing, areas were checked for levels of fallen airborne microbes. Patterns of decontamination effectiveness were evaluated.

****!!!!***!!!*** (2017) {Includes CD bond specs for liquid & gas phases.} ***Disinfection using such low-concentration ClO2 gas does not require evacuation of people, and could be used to disinfect room air in the simultaneous presence of people.*** It is demonstrated that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas of extremely low concentrations that have no toxic effect to animals has strong anti-microbial activity against infectious microbes, such as bacteria and viruses... The use of ClO2 gas at very low concentrations may open new avenue of disinfection systems of room air without requiring evacuation of people. This review presents the details of the disinfection system of ClO2 gas." "The use of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas is also useful in prevention of mosquito-related infective diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, given that this concentration of ClO2 gas has a repellent effect against mosquitoes" "rats exposed to 0.1 ppm ClO2 gas for 24 h/day and 7 days/week for a period of 6 months were completely healthy " "rate of killing increases along with the increase in relative humidity. "

****!!!!****!!!!**** 2016. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. In one set of experiments, a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage ΦX174 were released into an exposure chamber. When ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present in the chamber, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. The reductions were markedly greater than the natural reductions of the microbes in the chamber. In another experiment, the numbers of viable airborne bacteria in the operating room of a hospital collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively. Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas at extremely low concentrations (≤0.03 ppm) can reduce the number of viable microbes floating in the air in a room. These results strongly support the potential use of ClO2 gas at a non-toxic level to reduce infections caused by the inhalation of pathogenic microbes in nursing homes and medical facilities.

2016. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. Air concentration levels were 0.01-0.03 ppm. In test chamber, ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. In the operating room of a hospital, viable airborne bacteria collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively.

(2013). The cafeteria had a volume of 2375 m3. Thus, to satisfy the 8-hr TWA limit of 0.3 mg/m3, disinfection was performed using 250 mg/L ClO2 solution. In performing the disinfection process, the ClO2 solution was equally divided among six ultrasonic aerosol devices (i.e., less than 0.475 L per container)

ClO2 based products for cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and air though wetting/wiping surfaces, spraying, fogging, **humidifying**, ClO2 gas generation.

(2010). Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has a strong antiviral effect, and can disinfect the surface of object and the air in space. In recent study on interaction between ClO2 and protein, ClO2 oxidatively modified tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and the pro-tein was structurally denatured. Since hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus A/H1N1 were inactivated by the reaction with ClO2, it is likely that denaturation of the proteins caused inactivation of the virus. A low concentration (0.03 ppm) of ClO2 gas, where people can stay for a long period of time without any harmful effect, prevented the death of mice (0 of 10 mice versus 7 of 10 in controls) caused by infection of influenza virus delivered as aerosol. We review current information based on the efficiency of ClO2 solution and gas, and also discuss the application of ClO2 against influenza pandemics outbreak.

****!!!!****!!!!**** {Taiko} "Can be applied to any space that can be in a closed state or an open state... Can be supplied at a concentration at which the animal can survive but the suspended microorganisms are inactivated. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to a space where an animal exists. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to living spaces (eg, residences, offices), medical institutions (eg, hospital waiting rooms, examination rooms, treatment rooms, operating rooms, anterior rooms, hospital rooms), research institutions, disaster medical facilities (eg, disaster containers, tents), public facilities (eg, stations, airports, schools), vehicles... When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is set to 0.00001 ppm to 0.01 ppm, there is no problem even if chlorine dioxide gas is continuously supplied. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.01 ppm to 0.1 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 10 minutes to 480 minutes, and 15 minutes to 90 minutes. More preferably, it is more preferably 15 minutes to 60 minutes. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.1 ppm to 0.3 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 0.5 minutes to 480 minutes, preferably 1 minute to 60 minutes is more preferable, and 2 minutes to 15 minutes is even more preferable."

2018

2007. Chlorine dioxide disinfectant (193 ppm) was capable of sterilizing medical disposal of 3.2 × 10 CFU/mL with disinfection efficiency higher than 99.9% in the physician out-patient department. Spraying 1 mL of 200 ppm chloride dioxide solution twice onto the surfaces of different objects using the hand-held sprayer, the comparison for average disinfection efficiencies of the samples was door knob (100%) = handset of telephone (100%) & chair cushion (90.3%) & floor (20.5%) in series. In addition, the background data of biological aerosols also revealed that the comparison of average space colony numbers was semi-closed out-patient area in the physician department (318 CFU/m) & semi-closed out-patient area in the surgical department (183 CFU/m) & open-space emergency ward (58 CFU/m) in series. After using ultrasonic aerosol and handheld sprayer ways to sprinkle the chlorine dioxide solution into hospital spaces for 30 minutes, disinfection efficiency approached 95.0 %. The disinfection efficiency of chlorine dioxide in gas or solution phase is notably affirmative and available for the infection control of hospital.

*******!!!******** {Abstract}