2017. Reliability of a commercially available chemical product sold in Japan that has been claimed to inactivate viruses and kill bacteria was tested. {0.03 concentration of CD from bottle of CD gas product at 25% RH and 20 Celsius didn't deactivate virus or bacteria in 25 m3 closed environment}

2017 {Tests of some hang-tag devices}

2016. Deodorizer-style can of chlorine dioxide gas tested did not deactivate viruses under the test parameters.

****!!!!****!!!! 2008. {As a relevant additional finding, this study indicates also that chlorine dioxide was not effective as a nebulization treatment for flu under the test conditions} "A virus was prevented by chlorine dioxide gas at an extremely low concentration (below the long-term permissible exposure level to humans, namely 0.1 ppm). Mice in semi-closed cages were exposed to aerosols of influenza A virus (1 LD(50)) and 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas simultaneously for 15 min. Three days after exposure, pulmonary virus titre (TCID(50)) was 10(2.6+/-1.5) in five mice treated with ClO(2), whilst it was 10(6.7+/-0.2) in five mice that had not been treated). Cumulative mortality after 16 days was 0/10 mice treated with ClO(2) and 7/10 mice that had not been treated." "ClO2 gas inactivated the virus before it entered the lungs, but that it lacked the ability to inactivate viruses thathad already entered the lungs and established infection" "In in vitro experiments, ClO(2) denatured viral envelope proteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that are indispensable for infectivity of the virus, and abolished infectivity." "When the diameter of the aerosolis in the range 1–10 micrometers, as in the present experiment, equilibrium is reached within 1 min. We also found that Henry’s equilibrium gas constant k regarding the ClO2–water equilibrium, namely k in the above equation, was 3.9 x 10-5 mol 1-1 Pa-1" "This suggests further that theinfluenza A virus is inactivated at 0.12 micromolar ClO2 in water [Note: Molar concentration is measured as the ratio of the amount of substance in moles to the total volume of the solution]" "Taken together, we conclude that ClO(2) gas is effective at preventing aerosol-induced influenza virus infection in mice by denaturing viral envelope proteins at a concentration well below the permissible exposure level to humans. ClO(2) gas could therefore be useful as a preventive means against influenza in places of human activity without necessitating evacuation."

2012. Ogata. Journal of General Virology. Airborne influenza virus infection of mice can be prevented by gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2). This study demonstrated that ClO2 abolished the function o...

2016. {CD in vet office air. Contains precise air measurements} This study performed an experimental investigation into the efficiency of two different gaseous chlorine dioxide (0.3 mg m−3) treatments in disinfecting a local pet's hospital, namely a single, one-off application and a multiple-daily application. In both cases, the ClO2 was applied using strategically-placed aerosol devices. The air quality before and after disinfection was evaluated by measuring the bioaerosol levels of bacteria and fungi. The experimental results found that the average background levels of bacteria and fungi prior to ClO2 disinfection were found to be 2014 ± 1350 and 1002 ± 669 CFU m−3, respectively. A single ClO2 application was found to total disinfected bacteria and fungi concentration levels by as much as 57.3 and 57.6%. By contrast, a multiple-daily ClO2 application was found to total disinfected bacteria and fungi concentration levels by as much as 65.1 and 57.6%. Among the two disinfection methods, the multiple-daily ClO2 application method was found to yield a higher disinfection efficiency for bacteria, i.e., 16.28 ± 0.92%.

****!!!!****!!!!**** {Taiko} "Can be applied to any space that can be in a closed state or an open state... Can be supplied at a concentration at which the animal can survive but the suspended microorganisms are inactivated. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to a space where an animal exists. More specifically, the present invention can be applied to living spaces (eg, residences, offices), medical institutions (eg, hospital waiting rooms, examination rooms, treatment rooms, operating rooms, anterior rooms, hospital rooms), research institutions, disaster medical facilities (eg, disaster containers, tents), public facilities (eg, stations, airports, schools), vehicles... When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is set to 0.00001 ppm to 0.01 ppm, there is no problem even if chlorine dioxide gas is continuously supplied. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.01 ppm to 0.1 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 10 minutes to 480 minutes, and 15 minutes to 90 minutes. More preferably, it is more preferably 15 minutes to 60 minutes. When the chlorine dioxide gas concentration in the space is 0.1 ppm to 0.3 ppm, the time for supplying the chlorine dioxide gas into the space is preferably 0.5 minutes to 480 minutes, preferably 1 minute to 60 minutes is more preferable, and 2 minutes to 15 minutes is even more preferable."

2018

2007. Chlorine dioxide disinfectant (193 ppm) was capable of sterilizing medical disposal of 3.2 × 10 CFU/mL with disinfection efficiency higher than 99.9% in the physician out-patient department. Spraying 1 mL of 200 ppm chloride dioxide solution twice onto the surfaces of different objects using the hand-held sprayer, the comparison for average disinfection efficiencies of the samples was door knob (100%) = handset of telephone (100%) & chair cushion (90.3%) & floor (20.5%) in series. In addition, the background data of biological aerosols also revealed that the comparison of average space colony numbers was semi-closed out-patient area in the physician department (318 CFU/m) & semi-closed out-patient area in the surgical department (183 CFU/m) & open-space emergency ward (58 CFU/m) in series. After using ultrasonic aerosol and handheld sprayer ways to sprinkle the chlorine dioxide solution into hospital spaces for 30 minutes, disinfection efficiency approached 95.0 %. The disinfection efficiency of chlorine dioxide in gas or solution phase is notably affirmative and available for the infection control of hospital.

2011. {Also includes references several other studies of airborne use} The average background levels of bacteria and fungi before disinfection were found to be 1,142 ± 455.4 CFU/m3 and 520 ± 442.4 CFU/m3, respectively. Chlorine dioxide (0.3 mg/m3) was applied using three different methods, namely a single, one-off application, multiple applications within a single day, and regular (daily) applications. Among the three disinfection methods, the regular application method was found to yield a high disinfection efficiency for both bacteria and fungi, i.e., 6.5 ± 0.7% and 4.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. The average residual bacteria and fungi levels after regular daily interval disinfection were 318.8 ± 51.5 CFU/m3 and 254.0 ± 43.8 CFU/m3, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that the air quality guidelines prescribed by the Taiwan EPA for SHCs and other healthcare facilities can best be achieved by applying chlorine dioxide at regular (daily) intervals.

2018. Pet shops have a high concentration of bioaerosols. Thus, effective disinfection protocols are essential to protect the pet shop staff and visitors. The present study examines the effectiveness of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) fogging [Based on context, it sounds like chlorine dioxide was probably actually dispensed in humidifier while areas were occupied.] in minimizing the residual bacteria and fungi levels in a typical pet shop in Taiwan consisting of a commodity area, a lodging area, and a grooming area. Tested different disinfection periods, namely once every hour (1DM), once every 2 h (2DM), and once every 3 h (3DM). To assess the effect of the environmental factors on the disinfection efficiency, measurements are taken of temperature, relative humidity, airflow velocity, the carbon dioxide concentration, the PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, and TSP level at each sampling locations. The results reveal that the effectiveness of the three disinfection modes depends on both the environmental parameters and the use of the three areas (e.g., commodity, lodging, or grooming). Hence, the choice of disinfection method should be adjusted accordingly. For all three disinfection modes, a faster air velocity is beneficial in spreading the disinfectant throughout the indoor space and improving the disinfection performance.

2013. Public elevators are an essential requirement in modern high-rise buildings. However, the confined, crowded interior of an elevator provides an ideal breeding ground for all manners of biological aerosols. Consequently, when using an elevator at a university in Taiwan as the research target, this st …

July 2020. "At 48% and 75% humidity, the decay rate constants of ClO2 gas were 0.0034 min−1 and 0.0036 min−1, respectively. The rate of decline of the ClO2 concentration increased as the humidity of the environment increased. The decay rate constant of ClO2 gas at an illuminance of 76 lux and 3429 lux was 0.0034 min−1 and 0.00427 min−1, respectively; hence, the decay rate increased with increased illumination. At a humidity of 72% and illuminance of 2112 lux, the decay rate constant reached 0.00880 min−1. The effects of humidity and illuminance on the attenuation of the ClO2 concentration were strongly synergistic. When the gas concentration was maintained below 0.9 mg/m3, the disinfection rate of ClO2 on bacteria (P. aeruginosa, V. mimicus and S. aureus) exceeded 99.9%; thus, ClO2 gas exhibited a high disinfection efficiency. In addition, there was no corrosion to various metals by ClO2 under the same conditions."

Mentions dilute Chlorine Dioxide 100 -400PPM, Dilute Sodium Hypochlorite 100-500PPM & Dilute Hydrogen Peroxide 100 – 400PPM can be used as a disinfectant for tunnel after consultation with Doctors. [Chlorine dioxide concentration recommendation seems excessively high? Is recommended sodium hypochlorite concentration level as low as it is because of its toxic effects on the body?]

2015. Objective: This study aims to explore the effects of encapsulation of chlorine dioxide in a hydrophilic biodegradable polymer gelatin to reduce its release rate. Methods: An emulsification-coacervation method was adopted. The characterizations of chlorine ...

2012. Continuous aerosol spraying with a nontoxic alcohol-free disinfectant [What type?] can control airborne pathogens in patient areas of hospitals and in laboratories.

2017. Fumigation with gaseous chlorine dioxide using *passive* method [Mixture of liquids was poured in an aluminum foil plate and fumes were produced by boiling the liquid through an electric heating plate.] Room temperature (around 27 to 28°C) and humidity (around 57 to 59%). Tests were performed with 125 mL or 250 mL of ClO2 liquid (containing 2,000 ppm of ClO2). Type of bacteria: E. coli or Salmonella) placed in different locations. Air samples were collected at 10 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h before and after fumigation. Both levels of ClO2 were capable of reducing the concentration of E. coli from broiler house air during all measuring periods except 10 min, with highest disinfection rate being observed at 6 h. With the exception of 1 h, the concentration of Salmonella was also reduced after fumigation with ClO2 in all measuring periods; with the highest disinfection rate occurring at 6 h. Fumigation with ClO2 had no negative effect on birds’ health

*******!!!******** {Abstract}

2009 patent publication date. When the chlorine dioxide concentration was 0.07 ppm, there was about 60% reduction (45/71) in the enzyme activity"

2017. ****!!!!**** Chlorine Dioxide in Air tested on rats, with no significant damage. Personal air disinfectant of chlorine dioxide (gel?) had high virucidal activity against influenza virus; when CD was used at low, low-toxic concentrations, the virus titer in the air samples was reduced by 90% at 1–3 min, by 97% at 3–5 min, and by 99% at 10–12 min. Device was effective at least 30 days. The inhalation toxicity of CD was investigated in the experiments using the rats that were kept in an atmosphere of CD for a certain time. Then the structure of the trachea and lungs examined; the degree of oxidative stress was estimated from the tissue level of malonic aldehyde and the changes in the gene expression of all classes of antioxidant enzymes (a total of 15). The structure of the tracheal and lung epithelium was ascertained to be completely preserved; there were no increases in apoptotic cell death in both tissues or in lipid peroxidation in lung tissue. The enhanced protection of tracheal and lung epithelial cells against the highly toxic reactive oxygen species generated in the tissues is associated with the activation of gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in the epithelium, which is observed within the first hours after action of CDFull text (partially translated) at https://medi.ru/info/13658/

***Mentions use of Chlorine Dioxide in Air in Occupied Areas to combat respiratory infections.

2010. This study aims to monitor bioaerosol levels of a local campus of a student health center in Taiwan and then to perform disinfection by applying chlorine dioxide. First, air samples were taken and evaluated in the six areas of the center. The average background bioaerosol levels were 714 +/- 1706 CF …

******!!!!****!!!!****!!!*** 2012. {Note: Click "Download full text" and wait. Full text file will download to your computer} "More than half of the ClO2 gas decomposed indoors." Gaseous ClO2 is chemically dissociated by light with wavelengths between 350 nm and 475 nm. They reported that the dominant (96%) dissociation products were ClO and O (atomic oxygen). It is important to take into account whether these dissociation products are toxic to humans. Judging from the short lifetime of O (39 ns), the toxic effect of this chemical, if ever present, would be negligible... High air temperatures and light irradiation accelerated the decrease of ClO2 gas concentration; the latter had the greatest influence. A quicker decay of concentration and greater value of the reaction rate constant of ClO2 were found under irradiated conditions, especially when a UV lamp was used... ClO2 gas concentration was significantly reduced when an evaporative humidifier was employed due to adsorption and a chemical reaction between the gas and the filter in the humidifier. The results obtained from these experiments can be used to predict the indoor concentration of ClO2 gas" "it was concluded that indoor humidity does not affect the reaction of the ClO2 gas" "an aquarium... filled with 10 L(2.64 gal) water was set in the room" "indoor ClO2 gas levels were lower in the room where water was present because the gas dissolved in water" "Ogata and Shibata (2008) reported that ****!! ClO2 gas concentration in virus aerosols is theoretically 0.12 µM when the aerosols are in equilibrium with 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas !!****, based on their revealed Henry’s equilibrium gas constant k = 3.9 × 10−5 mol 1−1 Pa−1. The present experiment showed higher concentrations of ClO2 in the water"

****!!!!!***** Using a methodology that can maintain low chlorine dioxide concentration in air even under high humidity, examined the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus inactivation at a very low gas concentration. It was shown that chlorine dioxide at less than 0.02-0.03 ppm has an ability to inactivate airborne influenza virus under 50% and 70% RH conditions. However, from a viewpoint of infection control, these researchers believed it is a minor effect which is merely additional to the major effect by the humidity itself, when considering the actual load of viruses released from an influenza patient in a room space and still active after certain time. Low concentrations of chlorine dioxide also make much less difference under 30% relative humidity levels common in winter." Original paper https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inactivation-of-Airborne-Influenza-Virus-Using-Low-Nishimura-Hayashi/3cc74aad740dc6e036e76a3e4fdaee02a159a309 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3cc7/4aad740dc6e036e76a3e4fdaee02a159a309.pdf

****2020. China. Therefore, the safe disinfection based on chlorine dioxide is eligible to become the core means of active disinfection and epidemic prevention system for schools and kindergartens.

2010. This study is to test whether a chlorine dioxide gas-generating device, which releases a low concentration gas of chlorine dioxide in a sustained manner, can protect against respiratory infections in elderly individuals living in nursing homes. Such a device is used as a deodorant for normal domestic purposes. The investigators reasoned that the antiviral and antibacterial properties of chlorine dioxide might lead to a lowering in the incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. The study is designed as a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover multicentre trial involving appr...

Amadana Cleverin LED Room Purifier - Coming in a striking round disc-like white shape, the Amadana Cleverin LED Room Purifier is a partnership between the designer home appliances and electronics brand and Seirogan's Cleverin LED system that uses light to generate chlorine dioxide that can exterminate viruses, bacteria and odors. An id ...

Chlorine dioxide slow-release gas gel.

Multi-effect filtration technology filters wide range of airborne pollutants and eliminates germs inside filters to reduce the risk of epidemic disease through aerosol transmission. https://www.brisecare.c

** Air concentrations for odor control. Restoration-chemicals.com (China?) {Solid chlorine dioxide for long-term use in HVAC ventilation. Air pump to expedite vapor treatments.}