*****!!!!*** "Cell viability experiments demonstrated that the application of ClO2 does not lead to a significant decrease in viability of PLDSCs in concentrations used to kill microbes." "While the active ingredients of mouthwash (H2O2, CHX) applied in endodontic or periodontitis management have a serious toxic effect on PDLSCs, the novel hyperpure ClO2 is less toxic providing an environment favoring dental structure regenerations during disinfectant interventions. "

{Dental White & Fresh mouthwash} Sodium chlorite: "The general toxicological findings found : acute oral LD 50 = 150 mg/kg, chronic no effect level = 7.4 mg/kg, chronic mild effect level = 19 mg/kg. Based on these data, a normal use pattern of a mouthrinse product (5,000 mg/L NaCLO2 concentration-about5 times the amount in Dental White & Fresh), 3x per day, 90% expectoration) for a 150 lb person maintains a > 150 fold safety margin for acute toxicity effects."

****!!!**** "medicines (drugs) or medical devices may be used for the treatment (prevention, alleviation, etc.) of human diseases. A drug penetrates inside the body, and influences the processes within the human tissues. However, hyperpure chlorine dioxide is not able to penetrate into the human body but exerts its antimicrobial action only on its surface, against microbial biofims, for example. Therefore, Solumium solutions are not drugs but *******medical devices." full bottle (30ml) of Solumium Dental contains 36 mg of chlorine dioxide. "In root canal treatment... highly volatile Solumium Dental evaporates into any air bubbles, and goes on eliminating the bacteria in the whole treated area." "Daily dose of 24 mg of chlorine dioxide has no clinically or in any other way measurable effect on the human body."

***********SARS-CoV-2 --"“ClO2 impacts the coronavirus by its rapid reaction with three of the twenty amino acid residues, cysteine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, found in all protein chains, while essentially not reacting with the others. Since the spike protein contains all three, this could be an important point of attack; their oxidation changes the entire spatial structure of the protein, leading to denaturation." "Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution is often wrongly referred to as chlorine dioxide, which was the case with the internally used and harmful MMS drops. Sodium chlorite is absorbed differently from chlorine dioxide, and can reach the kidneys and the liver. In small quantities its toxic effect causes vomiting and diarrhoea, while in larger doses it may lead to kidney failure" "Immune response... takes 8-12 days and if, during this critical phase, too many coronaviruses reach the lungs, reproducing rapidly on its mucous membrane, this may induce a strong and often fatal immune response, called the cytokine storm”. People infected may also inhale the aerosol particles again,"

!! "Results showed *5.25% NaOCl to be most effective* (at dissolving tissue) at both time intervals followed by 2.5% NaOCl at 60 minutes, 10%Ca(OCl)2 and 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes. Least amount of tissue dissolving ability was demonstrated by 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 5% ClO2 at 30 minutes." *****"Mean tissue dissolution by ClO2 was significantly less than NaOCl. The reason for this might also be the low pH of ClO2 as compared to high pH (pH = 12) of NaOCl. In a study by Nishikiori et al,[18] the pH of ClO2 was raised upto 12 by using NaOH and it was found equivalent to NaOCl for dissolving bovine pulp tissue. But according to Deininger et al.[19] ClO2 exhibits biocidal efficacy only over a pH range of 3-9. Between pH 4-7, chlorine exists predominantly as HClO, the active moiety responsible for bacterial inactivation, whereas above pH 9, OCl− predominates.[20] Also the addition of NaOH will result in making the aqueous solution of ClO2 ineffective by breaking it down into sodium chlorate, sodium chlorite and water. Among the ClO2 group, large amount of mean tissue dissolution was demonstrated by 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes.5% ClO2 showed lower pulp dissolving capacity at 30 minutes, followed by 5% ClO2 at 60 minutes and 13% ClO2 at 30 minutes, which were comparable. *****Studies have suggested that !!!!!!!lower the pH !!!!, more time was needed for solution contact for tissue dissolution.***** [6] This might be the reason for less effectiveness of ClO2 in dissolution of pulp tissue at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes. "

******* Salivary biomolecules which chemically react with oral rinse oxidant can, at least in principle, serve as potentially significant barriers to these therapeutic properties in the oral environment. Therefore, in this investigation, we have explored the extent of ClO2− consumption by biomolecules which scavenge this agent in human salivary supernatants (HSSs) in vitro.

*****!!!**** {Solumium} "High purity ClO2 solution is significantly more effective than CHX, NaOCl and Listerine in case of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria and Candida." "Titrations showed that ***dentin powder depleted the ClO2 *** amount to 70% by the end of the first minute. This means, that minimum 40 ppm ClO2 remained of the 66 ppm. The reduction of ClO2 did not stop at any intermediate stage, but continued until chloride,till the end of the reaction" "The high purity ClO2 has no pulp tissue dissolving effect." "In vivo, high purity ClO2 solution significantly decreases the salivary S. mutans and total bacteria count even after one rinse" "ClO2does not interact with the CHX and does not increase the amount of toxic PCA found inCHX, so their simultaneous use is secure in the root canal" "There was no significant change in the number of S. mutans, L acidophilus and C. albicans" "ClO2 solution is significantly more effective than other currently used disinfectants in case of aerobic, facultative anaerobic bacteria (E. faecalis, S. mutans) and Candida."

**** White Papers and Studies available on Frontier's Active Chlorine Dioxide Mouthwash, Toothpaste, Periodontal Gel, and other DioxiCare® products.

"Snoot™ (Sinox Pharma, Inc.) at the ‘Original’ strength. This formulation ... yields between 60 parts per million (ppm) and 75 ppm (~0.01% wt/vol) ClO2 over the course of 12 hours," "DioxiRinse™ (Frontier Pharmaceutical, Inc.) to be used at the ‘Standard Strength’ yielding a concentration of ~40 ppm (0.006% wt/vol) ClO2. If an HCP has direct exposure to a cough or sneeze of individual with presumed COVID-19, immediate cleansing using both products is suggested, even if the recommended maximum use of 4 times in a 12-hour period is exceeded. However, 6 administrations in a 24-hour period are strongly discouraged."