****!!!!**** "Because ClO2 readily degasses from ACD, there needs to be a way to maintain and measure the ACD solution in real time. In our studies, we found that pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) change as a function of chlorine dioxide concentration and are easily controlled and measured." "Through use of this continuous monitoring and automatic dosing system, the water ORP was controlled between 800 and 860 mV. This range is the effective concentration of chlorine dioxide that is without chlorine-like odor and microorganism growth. The ACD dental chair controlled the total bacterial count to 5 CFU/mL and the chlorite concentration was less than 0.0004 mg/L, meeting legal standards of Taiwan, the USA, and China. In addition to the application of ACD in dental chairs, it may also be used in closed water systems for food, cosmetics, beverages, and other industries."

****!!!!****!!!!**** "SORE THROAT: To treat... intense gargling 3 times in a series... Pain caused by the illness will decrease substantially in the first 5-15 minutes after treatment, with all symptoms normally disappearing in a few hours." "Blocked Nose... Gingivitis... Fungal Infections... Disinfection of Scratches and Abrasions of the Skin..." "SOLUMIUM ORAL may be effective even after several years of storage" "Must be diluted to a concentration below 0.8 mg/l before released to surface water"

"DioxiWhite Pro Teeth Whitening System with DioxiCare 500-750 ppm"

(2020). {***Click "Display Table" button for important dosing instructions***} " tolerability data-on-file (2017) shared by Sinox Pharma, Inc. show that a 0.008% (wt/vol %) ClO2 solution derived from ASC is nonirritating when administered as an intranasal cleanser to individuals with sub-clinical or clinical sinusitis." "more recent evaluations in animals and humans demonstrate that exposure to low concentrations of ASC or ClO2 (≤0.2% and 0.02%, [2000 ppm ASC and 200 ppm ClO2] respectively) such as those found to be effective in human mouth rinse studies are well tolerated" "Snoot™ (Sinox Pharma, Inc.) at the ‘Original’ strength. This formulation yields between 60 parts per million (ppm) and 75 ppm (~0.01% wt/vol) ClO2 over the course of 12 hours" "DioxiRinse™ (Frontier Pharmaceutical, Inc.) to be used at the ‘Standard Strength’ yielding a concentration of ~40 ppm (0.006% wt/vol) ClO2." "immediate cleansing using both products is suggested, even if the recommended maximum use of 4 times in a 12-hour period is exceeded. However, 6 administrations in a 24-hour period are strongly discouraged."

A stable mouth wash or dentifrice composition containing stabilized chlorine dioxide and phosphates is disclosed for reducing the motility of and killing microbial pathogens." "The phosphate retards escape of chlorine dioxide in the pH range (6.0 to 7.4) typically found in a mouth."

"stabilized chlorine dioxide at a concentration range of about 0.005% to about 0.800% (w/v) at a pH in the range of 6.0 to 7.4 for the prevention of oral diseases caused by dental biofilm and plaque accumulation" "significant reductions of several periodontal pathogens in a polymicrobial biofilm with multiple exposures to 0.5% stabilized chlorine dioxide oral rinse. It was also observed that the regimen resulted in the complete elimination of three periodontal pathogens, P. gingivalis, P. micros, and F. nucleatum (FIGS. 4-6). There was a reduction of S. sanguinis, however was not completely eliminated (FIG. 2). A. viscosus was not affected by the oral rinse (FIG. 3). Both S. sanguinis and A. viscosus are associated with healthy subgingival flora"

"This study determines the fungicidal efficacy of 13.8% chlorine dioxide in extracted human teeth" "Efficacy of chlorine dioxide against C. albicans is relatively higher in stationary phase than that of starvation phase." "(Chlorine dioxide 13.8%, Frontier Pharmaceuticals, U.S.A" "C albicans produces biofilms of lesser amount in starvation phase when compared to stationary phase. [23] However, biofilms which are formed in starvation phase are relatively more resistant to the irrigants than the stationary phase. [24] Efficacy of chlorine dioxide to reduce the C albicans count significantly is due to its ability to alter the cell membrane integrity of C. albicans and to cause leakage of potassium and adenosine triphosphate" "Prolonged irrigation with chlorine dioxide combined with intracanal medication might help to eliminate candidal cells in stationary and starvation phases in root canal environment."

{Graph chowing ppm concentration of "free" chlorine dioxide over time after activation}

Oracare, but none of the other oral rinses, removes significants more VSCs produced by P. gingivalis than does water.

"The species to be tested are: Streptococcus mutans (UAI59), Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4356), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43718), Tannerella forsythia (ATCC 43037), Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405), Treponema socranskii (ATCC 35535), Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 49046), and Candida albicans (ATCC 64124). ...requested that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis be added to the list of test species.” “The experimental Rinse exhibited broad spectrum anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram"-negative bacterial species common to the oral cavity', including cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, and against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans.“

2014 "Twenty milliliters of each experimental solution, 0.16% sodium chlorite" "The sodium chlorite solution reduced the VSC concentration remarkably. After mixing, nearly all VSCs were eliminated immediately and no VSCs were detected at 30 and 60 min post-mixing." "The results suggest that sodium chlorite solution has the effect of eliminating gaseous VSCs directly. This must be because it can release chlorine dioxide gas which can react directly with gaseous VSCs. In the case of other solutions that have been proved to be effective to reduce halitosis clinically, it can be proposed that their anti-VSC effect is less likely due to the direct chemical elimination of gaseous VSCs in the mouth."

{Dioxident, which has 100 ppm ClO2??} " Patients were instructed to rinse the mouth with 0.8% [??] ClO2 mouth rinse (DioxiDent) twice daily for one minute and to soak their dentures overnight in the ClO2 for 10 days" "topical antiseptic for the treatment of chronic atrophic candidiasis in geriatric patients. Participants..."

A stable mouth wash or dentifrice composition containing stabilized chlorine dioxide and phosphates is disclosed for reducing the motility of and killing microbial pathogens. The preferred concentration ranges are between about 0,005%-0.5% chlorine dioxide, and between about 0.02%-3.0% phosphate. The phosphate retards escape of chlorine dioxide in the pH range (6.0 to 7.4) typically found in a mouth.

A stable mouth wash or dentifrice composition containing stabilized chlorine dioxide and phosphates is disclosed for reducing the motility of and killing microbial pathogens. The preferred concentration ranges are between about 0.005%-0.5% chlorine dioxide, and between about 0.02%-3.0% phosphate. The phosphate retards escape of chlorine dioxide in the pH range (6.0 to 7.4) typically found in a mouth.

{Solumium} We observed an antibacterial effect of ClO2 and NaOCl gas phases onE. faecalis growth, but not of CHX. ClO2eliminates intracanal biofilm and keeps root canal nearly free from bacteria. "his molecule is unique because it dissolves in aqueous solutions, oil as well as apolar organic solvents. Therefore, ClO2 is not only a surface disinfectant. It has the ability to penetrate into the skin and ucous membranes in a few tenth of millimeters depth" "metastabilized 0.04% and 0.16% chlorous acid/ClO2 (MECA) mouthwash was also found beneficial" "Solumium Dental (1200 ppm ClO2) and Solumium Oral (300 ppm ClO2)" "Mixed-on-site 10% (Clidox-S) or 13.8% (BioClenz) ClO2 solutions... However, the 10% and the 13.8% mentioned in these papers were probably mistakenly written as ClO2 concentration, they are rather the sodium chlorite (precursor) concentrations,"

***!!!!*** "by exposing affected tissue of the sinus and contiguous tissue in the, nasal cavity and greater oral cavity to effective amounts" "in order to maintain the substantially same concentration... within the range of about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm from the first few seconds up to about a minute or so after the initial formation of chlorine dioxide for up to 2 or 3 days, the composition comprises a carbohydrate, including a sugar such as ribose and a hydroxyl free aldehyde such as cinnamic aldehyde in combination as a disproportionation agent, sodium chlorite and acid to provide a pH... of about 6.0" "The inclusion of a disproportionation agent (preferably a hydroxyl free aldehyde...) in combination with an acid and a salt of chlorite... will speed the production of chlorine dioxide and minimize the residual chlorite for maximum effect." "speeding the release of chlorine dioxide at mild acidity" " glycerin is one of the few emollients that can be used with chlorine dioxide since it will not be oxidized. Glycerin, then, is an acceptable additive to the chlorine dioxide antiseptic solution. It also tastes good." "Numerous acids may be used... including a variety of organic acids, for example, citric, propionic, fumaric, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric and acetic" "mucus looseners, such as... and/or guaifenesin to loosen the mucus on the exposed membranes which may be safely ... delivered to the patient, among other optional components" "the composition is administered first by gargling, following by administering the compositions by nasal spray, inhalation and/or nasal lavage." "“neti pot,” usually produces fast results. The concentration of chlorine dioxide may also be lowered to about half that which is used in the nasal spray." " its ability many times to oxidize and neutralize the body's irritating... inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and oxygen radicals. Eosinophil peroxidase, for example, a white blood cell formation, is probably neutralized by chlorine dioxide oxidation. The importance of this action is obvious in that, aside from the peroxidase killing invading fungus cells, which was nature's purpose, the enzyme is involved in mucus membrane attack and probably the illnesses of 35 million chronic fungal sinusitis patients." [Mouth gargle and nasal rinse at] "about 15 ppm" "each nostril was sprayed while briskly breathing in at the same time. Again, with infection present, there was mild burning for a moment"

since it has a low pH, long-term exposure may harm teeth... Chlorine dioxide mouthwashes are available for purchase. If you use one, take special care not to swallow the solution, as the ***[Note: This concentration is actually safe for limited consumption, although is higher than concentration officially approved for drinking water] concentration of chlorine dioxide in these products is much higher than the threshold for safe consumption***

"Snoot™ (Sinox Pharma, Inc.) at the ‘Original’ strength. This formulation ... yields between 60 parts per million (ppm) and 75 ppm (~0.01% wt/vol) ClO2 over the course of 12 hours," "DioxiRinse™ (Frontier Pharmaceutical, Inc.) to be used at the ‘Standard Strength’ yielding a concentration of ~40 ppm (0.006% wt/vol) ClO2. If an HCP has direct exposure to a cough or sneeze of individual with presumed COVID-19, immediate cleansing using both products is suggested, even if the recommended maximum use of 4 times in a 12-hour period is exceeded. However, 6 administrations in a 24-hour period are strongly discouraged."

*****!!!**** {Solumium} "High purity ClO2 solution is significantly more effective than CHX, NaOCl and Listerine in case of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria and Candida." "Titrations showed that ***dentin powder depleted the ClO2 *** amount to 70% by the end of the first minute. This means, that minimum 40 ppm ClO2 remained of the 66 ppm. The reduction of ClO2 did not stop at any intermediate stage, but continued until chloride,till the end of the reaction" "The high purity ClO2 has no pulp tissue dissolving effect." "In vivo, high purity ClO2 solution significantly decreases the salivary S. mutans and total bacteria count even after one rinse" "ClO2does not interact with the CHX and does not increase the amount of toxic PCA found inCHX, so their simultaneous use is secure in the root canal" "There was no significant change in the number of S. mutans, L acidophilus and C. albicans" "ClO2 solution is significantly more effective than other currently used disinfectants in case of aerobic, facultative anaerobic bacteria (E. faecalis, S. mutans) and Candida."