(2020). {***Click "Display Table" button for important dosing instructions***} " tolerability data-on-file (2017) shared by Sinox Pharma, Inc. show that a 0.008% (wt/vol %) ClO2 solution derived from ASC is nonirritating when administered as an intranasal cleanser to individuals with sub-clinical or clinical sinusitis." "more recent evaluations in animals and humans demonstrate that exposure to low concentrations of ASC or ClO2 (≤0.2% and 0.02%, [2000 ppm ASC and 200 ppm ClO2] respectively) such as those found to be effective in human mouth rinse studies are well tolerated" "Snoot™ (Sinox Pharma, Inc.) at the ‘Original’ strength. This formulation yields between 60 parts per million (ppm) and 75 ppm (~0.01% wt/vol) ClO2 over the course of 12 hours" "DioxiRinse™ (Frontier Pharmaceutical, Inc.) to be used at the ‘Standard Strength’ yielding a concentration of ~40 ppm (0.006% wt/vol) ClO2." "immediate cleansing using both products is suggested, even if the recommended maximum use of 4 times in a 12-hour period is exceeded. However, 6 administrations in a 24-hour period are strongly discouraged."

****!!!!****!!!!! "How the intervention might cause harm"

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2020 {Meta-analysis based on 5 randomised controlled trials} "Chlorine dioxide reduces both plaque and gingival indices and bacterial counts in the oral cavity similar to other routinely used oral rinses; however the evidence supporting this outcome is very limited. Therefore, further large scale RCTs are needed to decrease the risk of bias."

{Graph chowing ppm concentration of "free" chlorine dioxide over time after activation}

"The species to be tested are: Streptococcus mutans (UAI59), Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4356), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43718), Tannerella forsythia (ATCC 43037), Treponema denticola (ATCC 35405), Treponema socranskii (ATCC 35535), Prevotella intermedia (ATCC 49046), and Candida albicans (ATCC 64124). ...requested that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis be added to the list of test species.” “The experimental Rinse exhibited broad spectrum anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram"-negative bacterial species common to the oral cavity', including cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, and against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans.“

{Solonium chlorine dioxide product}

**** White Papers and Studies available on Frontier's Active Chlorine Dioxide Mouthwash, Toothpaste, Periodontal Gel, and other DioxiCare® products.

{Solumium} We observed an antibacterial effect of ClO2 and NaOCl gas phases onE. faecalis growth, but not of CHX. ClO2eliminates intracanal biofilm and keeps root canal nearly free from bacteria. "his molecule is unique because it dissolves in aqueous solutions, oil as well as apolar organic solvents. Therefore, ClO2 is not only a surface disinfectant. It has the ability to penetrate into the skin and ucous membranes in a few tenth of millimeters depth" "metastabilized 0.04% and 0.16% chlorous acid/ClO2 (MECA) mouthwash was also found beneficial" "Solumium Dental (1200 ppm ClO2) and Solumium Oral (300 ppm ClO2)" "Mixed-on-site 10% (Clidox-S) or 13.8% (BioClenz) ClO2 solutions... However, the 10% and the 13.8% mentioned in these papers were probably mistakenly written as ClO2 concentration, they are rather the sodium chlorite (precursor) concentrations,"

***!!!!*** "by exposing affected tissue of the sinus and contiguous tissue in the, nasal cavity and greater oral cavity to effective amounts" "in order to maintain the substantially same concentration... within the range of about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm from the first few seconds up to about a minute or so after the initial formation of chlorine dioxide for up to 2 or 3 days, the composition comprises a carbohydrate, including a sugar such as ribose and a hydroxyl free aldehyde such as cinnamic aldehyde in combination as a disproportionation agent, sodium chlorite and acid to provide a pH... of about 6.0" "The inclusion of a disproportionation agent (preferably a hydroxyl free aldehyde...) in combination with an acid and a salt of chlorite... will speed the production of chlorine dioxide and minimize the residual chlorite for maximum effect." "speeding the release of chlorine dioxide at mild acidity" " glycerin is one of the few emollients that can be used with chlorine dioxide since it will not be oxidized. Glycerin, then, is an acceptable additive to the chlorine dioxide antiseptic solution. It also tastes good." "Numerous acids may be used... including a variety of organic acids, for example, citric, propionic, fumaric, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric and acetic" "mucus looseners, such as... and/or guaifenesin to loosen the mucus on the exposed membranes which may be safely ... delivered to the patient, among other optional components" "the composition is administered first by gargling, following by administering the compositions by nasal spray, inhalation and/or nasal lavage." "“neti pot,” usually produces fast results. The concentration of chlorine dioxide may also be lowered to about half that which is used in the nasal spray." " its ability many times to oxidize and neutralize the body's irritating... inflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and oxygen radicals. Eosinophil peroxidase, for example, a white blood cell formation, is probably neutralized by chlorine dioxide oxidation. The importance of this action is obvious in that, aside from the peroxidase killing invading fungus cells, which was nature's purpose, the enzyme is involved in mucus membrane attack and probably the illnesses of 35 million chronic fungal sinusitis patients." [Mouth gargle and nasal rinse at] "about 15 ppm" "each nostril was sprayed while briskly breathing in at the same time. Again, with infection present, there was mild burning for a moment"

(2020). Acidified sodium chlorite solution: A potential prophylaxis to mitigate impact of multiple exposures to COVID-19 in frontline health-care providers. Hospital Practice. Ahead of Print.

"The difference in effectiveness between the chlorine dioxide gas of Oracare and stabilized/precursor forms of chlorine dioxide (sodium chlorite) was evident as none of the mouthrinses using the latter inactivated significantly greater levels of VSCs than the water control." "The MICs for Oracare were higher than those for chlorhexidine when compared directly against a panel of 11 microbial species. However, when normalized to parts per million of the active ingredients, the Oracare rivaled the activity of chlorhexidine and exceeded it in activity toward the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The Oracare rinse removed a statistically higher percentage of VSCs than chlorhexidine"

"Snoot™ (Sinox Pharma, Inc.) at the ‘Original’ strength. This formulation ... yields between 60 parts per million (ppm) and 75 ppm (~0.01% wt/vol) ClO2 over the course of 12 hours," "DioxiRinse™ (Frontier Pharmaceutical, Inc.) to be used at the ‘Standard Strength’ yielding a concentration of ~40 ppm (0.006% wt/vol) ClO2. If an HCP has direct exposure to a cough or sneeze of individual with presumed COVID-19, immediate cleansing using both products is suggested, even if the recommended maximum use of 4 times in a 12-hour period is exceeded. However, 6 administrations in a 24-hour period are strongly discouraged."

In vitro laboratory analyses tested Closys Ultra Sensitive Oral Rinse's effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2. The product does not use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or povidone iodine.

study is to review, through prospective case research, the efficacy of oral chlorine dioxide in the treatment of patients with COVID19.

******{Nasal flushing with Snoot! or DioxiRinse}

***** {OraCare} "Activated chlorine dioxide" "Simply stated, it strips off more than twice as many electrons from a pathogen. This occurs in a two-step process: First, the reaction causes chlorine dioxide to be reduced to sodium chlorite. Then the sodium chlorite is reduced to sodium chloride, or ordinary table salt and water, which are harmless. The chlorine molecule remains in the substance until the end; that’s why chlorine dioxide does not produce harmful chlorinated substances such as trihalomethanes."

{Includes use of ethanol} The oral cavity, an essential part of the upper aerodigestive tract, is believed to play an important role in the pathogenicity and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The identification of targeted antiviral mouth rinses to reduce salivary viral load would contribute ...

!! "Results showed *5.25% NaOCl to be most effective* (at dissolving tissue) at both time intervals followed by 2.5% NaOCl at 60 minutes, 10%Ca(OCl)2 and 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes. Least amount of tissue dissolving ability was demonstrated by 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 5% ClO2 at 30 minutes." *****"Mean tissue dissolution by ClO2 was significantly less than NaOCl. The reason for this might also be the low pH of ClO2 as compared to high pH (pH = 12) of NaOCl. In a study by Nishikiori et al,[18] the pH of ClO2 was raised upto 12 by using NaOH and it was found equivalent to NaOCl for dissolving bovine pulp tissue. But according to Deininger et al.[19] ClO2 exhibits biocidal efficacy only over a pH range of 3-9. Between pH 4-7, chlorine exists predominantly as HClO, the active moiety responsible for bacterial inactivation, whereas above pH 9, OCl− predominates.[20] Also the addition of NaOH will result in making the aqueous solution of ClO2 ineffective by breaking it down into sodium chlorate, sodium chlorite and water. Among the ClO2 group, large amount of mean tissue dissolution was demonstrated by 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes.5% ClO2 showed lower pulp dissolving capacity at 30 minutes, followed by 5% ClO2 at 60 minutes and 13% ClO2 at 30 minutes, which were comparable. *****Studies have suggested that !!!!!!!lower the pH !!!!, more time was needed for solution contact for tissue dissolution.***** [6] This might be the reason for less effectiveness of ClO2 in dissolution of pulp tissue at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes. "

***********SARS-CoV-2 --"“ClO2 impacts the coronavirus by its rapid reaction with three of the twenty amino acid residues, cysteine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, found in all protein chains, while essentially not reacting with the others. Since the spike protein contains all three, this could be an important point of attack; their oxidation changes the entire spatial structure of the protein, leading to denaturation." "Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution is often wrongly referred to as chlorine dioxide, which was the case with the internally used and harmful MMS drops. Sodium chlorite is absorbed differently from chlorine dioxide, and can reach the kidneys and the liver. In small quantities its toxic effect causes vomiting and diarrhoea, while in larger doses it may lead to kidney failure" "Immune response... takes 8-12 days and if, during this critical phase, too many coronaviruses reach the lungs, reproducing rapidly on its mucous membrane, this may induce a strong and often fatal immune response, called the cytokine storm”. People infected may also inhale the aerosol particles again,"

****!!!**** "medicines (drugs) or medical devices may be used for the treatment (prevention, alleviation, etc.) of human diseases. A drug penetrates inside the body, and influences the processes within the human tissues. However, hyperpure chlorine dioxide is not able to penetrate into the human body but exerts its antimicrobial action only on its surface, against microbial biofims, for example. Therefore, Solumium solutions are not drugs but *******medical devices." full bottle (30ml) of Solumium Dental contains 36 mg of chlorine dioxide. "In root canal treatment... highly volatile Solumium Dental evaporates into any air bubbles, and goes on eliminating the bacteria in the whole treated area." "Daily dose of 24 mg of chlorine dioxide has no clinically or in any other way measurable effect on the human body."