Water Treatment

Chlorine dioxide is a highly potent biocide that has a higher efficacy than hypochlorite in destroying protozoa, bacteria and viruses, without allowing them to build a tolerance.  It is effective over a wide pH range as both a biocide and metal precipitant and has gained popularity because it creates significantly lower concentrations of disinfection byproducts

"ClO2 can achieve the benefits of raw water pre-oxidation without forming significant levels of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid; it is gaining more popularity as an alternative to chlorine in drinking water treatment [20]. It is an effective oxidizer of iron and manganese, and an effective remover of color, taste, and odor of the source water [21,22]. Additionally, it is an effective killer of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, at shorter contact times than chlorine [23]. Yet, there are a few disadvantages to ClO2 systems. ClO2 is often used as only a primary disinfectant because of its low stability, undesirable taste, obnoxious odor, explosive properties, and formation of regulated inorganic DBPs"

"This utility has embraced gas chlorine at their other plants, which allows them to easily convert over to ClO2 and take advantage of the low cost and easy maintenance of the gas chlorine/chlorite chemical reaction generation process. Each plant has noticed improvement in water quality using ClO2. Presently, they have no carbon to quench the chlorite in the finished water, so their dosage is limited to 0.8ppm" " the plant uses chloramines in the distribution system and the manager noted that historically they had to drain the storage tank annually to clean it. Since they have been using ClO2, they have not needed to flush the system, which is probably due to the low levels of chlorite ion in the finished water, mitigating the nitrification formation."

The drinking water distribution system of Cremona, in the north of Italy, was monitored for 6 years

(1987)

"each of six loops received continuous application of one of the following disinfectants: chlorine, electro-chlorination, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ozone, or copper/silver."

" The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger T. harzianum P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine."

Abstract. Insufficient potable water resources and poorly treated drinking water quality are the world's number one cause for preventable morbidity and mortalit

"chlorine dioxide showed a longer residual activity in the system, which constituted an advantage in the perspective of an application to extensive pipework systems"

As the World Health Organization (WHO) progresses with provisional Drinking Water Guidelines of 1 microg/L for microcystin-LR and a proposed Guideline of 1 microg/L for cylindrospermopsin, efficient treatment strategies are needed to prevent cyanotoxins such as these from reaching consumers. A kinet …

There has been a trend towards the use of microorganisms to recover metals from industrial wastewater

Wyldox and Srinivasa establish partnership to provide South Indian customers with Next-Generation solution under the name Wyldox-Srinivasa.

"regulations specify that the tap water should have a pH level of 6.5 to 9.5. Water leaving the treatment works should have a pH of 7 and 9."

100 ppm

"effective microbiological control including biofilm and against water bacteria." "Does not create odors, or eye irritation: Chlorine Dioxide does not generate chloramines in water. Chloramines are the causes of the “chlorine” odor that is detected in pools and jacuzzi." "Improves Skin, no Allergies to Chlorine Dioxide: Customers who have skin problems such as ***eczema and psoriasis will experience relief without inflammation***. It is not necessary to rinse or shower after using the spa/pool treated with Chlorine Dioxide" "If you still need to use with chlorine (large outdoor pools and public swimming pools), SPA-CLO2 will reduce your chlorine consumption, combined chlorine and chlorine smell." "Regular use of SPA-Clo2 and proper circulation will eliminate the Biofilm from your spa’s equipment, plumbing, and also your filter. Technically, if your water is at +/- 1 ppm (chlorine dioxide) and you are not using any other chemicals, your Hot Tub water is potable"

"Chlorine dioxide is destroyed by UV light. Care should be taken to apply it in conditions where it will not be exposed to sunlight. For example, it can be added to an outdoor pool or fountain at dusk and allowed to circulate overnight. Chlorine dioxide is readily stripped from water by contact with air. This can be minimized by adding Solution 3000 to a water system in which the recirculating pumps are running, but fountains, bubblers, waterfalls, etc. are turned off for extended periods (perhaps overnight) after adding Solution 3000."

Water disinfected by chlorine produces trihalomethanes (THM), while chlorine dioxide, an alternative to chlorine, is reduced mainly to undesirable chl…

1996

"An investigation of raw and finished waters was conducted (1) to determine whether chlorine dioxide pretreatment lowers trihalomethane (THM) and total organic halide (TOX) formation, (2) to evaluate the rate of chlorine dioxide consumption and the corresponding rate and extent of chlorite formation, and (3) to investigate the stability of chlorite in treated water and its interaction with chlorine. Results of these experiments showed that chlorine dioxide can reduce THM and TOX precursor concentrations and that when added to raw water, chlorine dioxide will not persist long enough to maintain oxidizing conditions through flocculation–sedimentation basins. Utilities should be able to meet the recommended limit of 1.0 mg/L for the sum of the residual chlorine dioxide species by not exceeding a chlorine dioxide dosage of 1.2—1.4 mg/L."

1999

This review describes the main reactions that have been studied in water between chlorine dioxide and various groups of organic compounds. Although th…

"Unique chlorine dioxide solution for best flock performance. Exclusive Scotmas FloraDox chlorine dioxide program includes water sanitation & gut enhancement." "Destroys biofilm at source including lime scale, iron, and manganese "