Water Treatment

{from Chinese database} "Chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant, is a new type of disinfectant in aquaculture, has been widely used in aquaculture disease prevention and control, but there are some problems in the use of powder products, the emergence of tablets for the application of chlorine dioxide to broaden the market... results show that the dissolving time of the foam tablets is the activation reaction time, and the activation effect is not affected by the activation water quantity and the pH of activated water."

"The ClO2 chemical oxidation system and ClO2 catalytic oxidation system are studied in this paper."

"using the homemade compound chlorine dioxide generator to sewage sterilization. Through the detection of total bacterial count and fecal coliform bacteria in sewage sterilization with compound chlorine dioxide, finding out the optimal dosing concentration, contacting time, pH, stirring speed and other significant parameters. The results show that the optimal dosing concentration is 5mg/L, the contacting time is 4min, the stirring speed is 90r/min and the pH value has little effect. Under the condition, the compound chlorine dioxide can reach good disinfection effect, providing the technical basis for the development of disinfection process in the future. "

"Chlorine dioxides decay rates in the water dipping the pipes increase as the dipping time increases and the decay of chlorine dioxide mainly occurs within 6 hours after the dipping. But for different pipe, the influence of decay differs. The consumption of chlorine dioxide of the metal pipes is more than that of the plastic pipes. And with 2 hours after the dipping experiment begins, the concentrations of the chlorite of the copper pipe and of the steel with zinc coating pipe increase quickly and reach the maximum concentration. But then the chlorite concentration decreases greatly"

"It's not as easy as we used to think to... substantially reduce water-borne pathogens... It turns out that removing biofilm is the most important factor. Several research results suggest that two thirds or more of the water-borne pathogen threat to your animals is coming from the biofilm in the water systems, even with a clean water source. If you take a purified water system and expose it to a new bacterial growth source, such as contaminated nasal secretions, you will again grow contaminated biofilm." "...chlorine dioxide as the most effective disinfectant..." "A 90% Pinkeye Reduction! .. "Rush Creek began treating their cattle waterers with low concentrations of chlorine dioxide (less than 5 ppm) daily... their incidence of new infections was immediately reduced."

"Good activation of sodium chlorite will result in 60–70% active chlorine dioxide. This will leave 30– 40% of un-activated residual sodium chlorite". {Note: In earlier article on Oxine, BVS indicated that Oxine's sodium chlorite conversion % is a different range than this. http://midwestpoultry.com/wp-content/uploads/Thoreson-Ross-Chlorine-Dioxide-Why-It-Is-Best-for-Water-Sanitation.pdf}

Information from the MassDEP Drinking Water Program about shock treatment with chlorine at Hospitals

{Livestock drinking water treatment}

*** {Valuable testing protocols for treated water}

{Includes brief info on chlorine dioxide} "Secondary oxidant functions of disinfectants in water include oxidation of iron and manganese [143] which helps to minimize drinker coagulation [33,144], and maintaining the 15 biologically safe and stable environment in water thereby preventing the regrowth of microbes, algal blooms and biofilm formation in the water distribution systems"

{monitoring record chart}

Interim enhanced, Rule, Surface Water Treatment, Compliance, Guidance, Rule, Drinking Water

**** {Provides data tools for estimating chemical discharge through water systems and entering rivers} "Using computerized U.S. Environmental Protection Agency databases, which include POTW [publicly owned treatment works} flow rates and receiving water stream flows, dilution factors were determined for activated sludge, trickling filter, and primary treatments ....Using a computer program in which these curves are applied, the fraction of total POTW flow discharged to U.S. rivers and streams that will have a concentration greater than any specified value (e.g., water quality criteria) can be predicted."

"...chlorine dioxide was the most effective disinfectant agent in reducing the number of bacteria...and that the pre-treatment used was highly efficient."

二氧化氯的性质及在雨水集流工程中的推广应用-介绍了二氧化氯的性质,二...

{Use in fishery ponds} "After the chlorine dioxide of the tablet sinks into the bottom of the pond, it is difficult to create a strong acid environment in the bottom layer, so the tablet Chlorine dioxide is difficult to release""Luo Jianmin said that due to the differences in drugs used for livestock and aquatic products, some manufacturers have used the regulatory gap to scratch the edge, making it more difficult for the veterinary drug department to supervise, such as the non-drug problem of aquatic veterinary drugs. In view of the various phenomena that are similar to tablet chlorine dioxide, such as continued production after the abolition of local standards, and the use of non-pharmaceuticals to evade the supervision of veterinary drugs, the supervisory authority should increase sampling inspections in the quarterly veterinary drug inspections to provide veterinary drugs. "

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this paper, a full-scale study of chlorine dioxide preoxidation cooperating with …

" identify more than 40 DBPs in finished water at a chlorine dioxide pilot plant. reatment variations included the use of liquid versus gaseous chlorine dioxide and the use of residual chlorine. mong the more unusual compounds identified were a series of maleic anhydrides, which are believed to have been formed from maleic acids during the extraction and concentration process, and halopropanones."

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a widely used alternative disinfectant due to its high biocidal efficiency and low-level formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. A major portion of total organic halogen (TOX), a collective parameter for all halogenated DBPs, formed in ClO2 …

A comparison was made between the efficiency of low doses of peracetic acid (PAA: 1.5 mg/l) and chlorine dioxide (ClO(2): 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) in the disinfection of secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant. Peracetic acid was seen to be more active than chlorine dioxide and less influenced …

Disinfection is the last treatment stage of a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) and is carried out to maintain a residual concentration of disinfe…

Chlorine dioxide is one of the most widely employed chemicals in the disinfection process of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the adsorption process with granular activated carbon (GAC) on the chlorine dioxide consumption in final oxidati …

This presentation is a state-of-the-art review of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) used for high-rate disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO). The review includes bench-, pilot-, and fullscale studies on the use of ClO2 as a disinfecting agent for a variety of wastewaters. Specific topics discussed include the need for high-rate disinfection processes for CSO, the evaluation of ClO2 as a high-rate disinfecting agent, the effectiveness of ClO2 as a single disinfectant and in combination with chlorine (Cl2), the factors affecting ClO2 disinfection performance, the advantages and disadvantages of...