In First Principles of Instruction, Merrill identifies five core instructional design principles which he has synthesised from his review of all of these theories, frameworks, and models. He then sets out ways in which these principles can be systematically used to inform the design and development of learning activities, (both online and in a face-to-face context). Merrill then makes a case that following these principles should lead to effective, efficient and engaging learning experiences.
<h2>Problem-centred</h2>
<p><strong>Learning is promoted when learners acquire knowledge and skill in the context of real-world problems or tasks.</strong></p>
<h2>Activation</h2>
<p><strong>Learning is promoted when learners recall or apply existing knowledge and skill as a foundation for new skills.</strong></p>
<h2>Demonstration</h2>
<p><strong>Learning is promoted when learners observe a demonstration of the knowledge and skill to be learned.</strong></p>
<h2>Application</h2>
<p><strong>Learning is promoted when learners use their newly acquired knowledge and skill to solve new problems or carry out tasks.</strong></p>
<h2>Integration</h2>
<p><strong>Learning is promoted when learners reflect on, discuss and defend their newly acquired skill or integrate the skill into a real-world activity.</strong></p>
