How, when, and why a reader is exposed to information in a narrative matters because it determines how the plot unfolds and impacts the audience's understanding and engagement with the story.<span class="white-space-pre"> </span>

<p id="ember38" class="ember-view reader-content-blocks__paragraph">Here are four ways chatbots optimize learning. They:<!----> <!----> </p> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> <p id="ember39" class="ember-view reader-content-blocks__paragraph"> <!---->1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Offer an opportunity to practice without judgement.<!----> <!----> </p> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> <p id="ember40" class="ember-view reader-content-blocks__paragraph"> <!---->2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Promote mastery and retention of knowledge and skills.<!----> <!----> </p> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> <p id="ember41" class="ember-view reader-content-blocks__paragraph"> <!---->3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reinforce complex concepts with probing questions.<!----> <!----> </p> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> <p id="ember42" class="ember-view reader-content-blocks__paragraph"> <!---->4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Provide quiet time for reflection.</p>

Always lead with emotions when showing instead of telling.

Scenarios can be implemented in actual simulations (where the world is actively modeled, and the consequences are calculated), or in branching scenarios where the relationships are hard-coded in the consequences attached to a decision.

scenarios give us contextualized practice, which research shows leads to better retention and transfer. With the right choices, the scenario is engaging and provides meaningful practice, which leads to acquiring new abilities.

<div data-breakout="normal"><p class="-Zro6 -ZADH IjV6v AnCKd _57WYp" id="viewer-avnma"><span class="d0767"><span style="font-weight:700"><span>DAN: What makes learning through a simulation experience unique and meaningful?</span></span></span></p></div><div type="paragraph" data-hook="rcv-block26"></div><div data-breakout="normal"><p class="-Zro6 -ZADH IjV6v AnCKd _57WYp" id="viewer-d53db"><span class="d0767"><span style="font-weight:700"><span>CLARK</span></span><span>: As above, research says that contextualized practice (with feedback) is the best way to develop new abilities. They need to have a ’story’ setting: a context, then something happens that precipitates the need for a decision, and then the decision has consequences. That’s just a better-written multiple-choice question (please!), but if we drive the outcomes from a branching or simulation basis, this can lead to new decisions (they travel in packs!)</span></span></p></div>

Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) is a family of psychological research methods for uncovering and representing what people know and how they think. CTA extends traditional task analysis to tap into the mental processes that underlie observable behavior, and reveal the <a href="https://www.globalcognition.org/cognitive-skills/">cognitive skills</a> and strategies needed to effectively tackle challenging situations.

Instead, the idea of the critical decision method is to get experienced professionals to describe some of the toughest challenges they faced. By using carefully crafted probes, the CTA interviewer teases out how these people assessed situations and made decisions in critical moments of their experience.

Learning experience design (LX design or LXD) is the process of creating learning experiences that enable the learner to achieve the desired learning outcome in a human centered and goal oriented way. <br> - Niels Floor

Focusing on the whole experience, requires a more holistic design approach. For example, emotion plays a vital part in how we experience things. We all have memories that are strong because of how they made you feel. In education there tends to be a clear emphasis on cognition while emotion is hardly part of the conversation. In LXD emotion is carefully considered. Designing for emotion and cognition is key to creating a powerful learning experience.

Learning experience design is not a science. While learning science can support your design decisions, most insights into the quality and effectiveness of your design come from developing and testing prototypes.

This focus on the learner also applies to the learning outcome. In the definition of LXD at the start of this article a “desired learning outcome” is mentioned. A learning outcome is desirable when it is relevant, meaningful, and valuable to the learner.

The logical thing is to start with formulating the desired learning outcome. Every step that follows in the design process, including the choice in technology, should be geared towards reaching that outcome.