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Half an Hour: Response to Fitzpatrick
Half an Hour: Response to Fitzpatrick
Stephen Downes, responding to lengthy criticism of connectivism from a learner in the CCK08 class.
We argue that learning occurs in networks, and therefore, that the properties of successful networks are also the properties of successful learning environments. We don't 'apply' this in any strict sense - we would never force people to be connectivists. Indeed, within the learning environment, we believe there should be diversity; we believe people should be free to choose their own form of learning.
Maybe this is part of my problem as I'm trying to figure out the "right way" or "best practices" for applying connectivism to what I do. There isn't a right away--Stephen says here we shouldn't even "'apply' this in any strict sense."
To me, <span style="font-style: italic;">far more</span> complex - and insightful - forms of reasoning are being created through the interplay among thousands, or millions, of individual content elements. Where each content element may by itself appear to be <span style="font-style: italic;">simple</span>, it is the interconnections between them that creates a much more complex, deep, and <span style="font-style: italic;">rich</span> tapestry of meaning, <span style="font-style: italic;">far more</span> than could be created merely using linguistic devices.
It is substantially <span style="font-style: italic;">harder</span> to work with the disorder and complexity we see within a connectivist network. Because linguistic (syntactical and semantical) descriptions of the concepts and entities in such a network just barely touch the surface, and students must therefore immerse themselves in the process of reasoning in such a system, rather than merely reading about it.
·halfanhour.blogspot.com·
Half an Hour: Response to Fitzpatrick
x28’s new Blog » Blog Archive » My take on Connectivism
x28’s new Blog » Blog Archive » My take on Connectivism
An answer to the question "What is Connectivism?" Rather than going for a fixed definition within the framework of a learning theory, the author argues that connectivism is an emerging concept best understood by looking at how it connects to other ideas and theories. The central metaphor of the network is the unifying element of connectivism.
<p>Downes’ and Siemens’ discussions shed new light on fundamental concepts, such as rules versus patterns, complicated vs. complex, equivalence vs. similarity, and coping with ambiguity and uncertainty. And these consideration render many entrenched practices of the entire knowledge industry questionable.</p> <p>All these aspects have one thing in common: that they can be illustrated by the neuronal <strong>metaphor</strong>, the metaphor of a network with nodes and connections, where</p> <blockquote><p><em>“Not all connections are of equal strength in this metaphor”</em> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectivism_%28learning_theory%29">Wikipedia</a>)</p></blockquote>
So, connectivism and its neuronal connections metaphor, allow to distinguish more clearly between two types of knowledge, one of which is the more adequate one for coping with complexity and uncertainty: <em>connective</em> knowledge.
·x28newblog.blog.uni-heidelberg.de·
x28’s new Blog » Blog Archive » My take on Connectivism
Innovate: Why Professor Johnny Can't Read: Understanding the Net Generation's Texts
Innovate: Why Professor Johnny Can't Read: Understanding the Net Generation's Texts
The authors argue that Net Gen students are used to hyperlinked, nonlinear content, so they don't necessarily approach learning with the same kind of linear approach most of their professors do. The premise here focuses on how this affects writing, organizing information, and sense-making. They argue that multimedia projects can demonstrate the same depth of thinking as a traditional linear text. Registration required.
As a result, while N-Gens interact with the world through multimedia, online social networking, and routine multitasking, their professors tend to approach learning linearly, one task at a time, and as an individual activity that is centered largely around printed text (Hartman, Dzubian, and Brophy-Ellison <a target="_blank" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5Xw4B5bKP">2007</a>).
However, these digital texts do not necessarily lack style, coherence, or organization; they simply present meaning in ways unfamiliar to the instructor. For example, a collection of images on Flickr with authorial comments and tags certainly does not resemble the traditional essay, but the time spent on such a project, the motivation for undertaking it, and its ability to communicate meaning can certainly be equal to the investment and motivation required by the traditional essay—and the photos may actually provide more meaningful communication for their intended audience.
Texts that do not look like books or essays and that are structured in unfamiliar ways may leave educators with the perception that the authors of these texts lack necessary literacy skills. Are these students missing something, or are they coming to us with skills as researchers, readers, writers, and critical thinkers that have been developed in a context that faculty members may not understand and appreciate? The striking differences between the linear, print-based texts of instructors and the interactive, fluctuating, hyperlinked texts of the N-Gen student may keep instructors from fully appreciating the thought processes behind these texts. Learning how to teach the wired student requires a two-pronged effort: to understand how N-Gen student understand and process texts and to create a pedagogy that leverages the learning skills of this type of learner.
·innovateonline.info·
Innovate: Why Professor Johnny Can't Read: Understanding the Net Generation's Texts
What is the unique idea in Connectivism?
What is the unique idea in Connectivism?
George Siemens on how connectivism differs from constructivism and other learning theories, starting from the point that "a new idea is often an old idea in today's context."
Connectivism is the application of network principles to define both knowledge and the process of learning. Knowledge is defined as a particular pattern of relationships and learning is defined as the creation of new connections and patterns as well as the ability to maneuver around existing networks/patterns.
·connectivism.ca·
What is the unique idea in Connectivism?
E-Learning Queen: The Best Way to Learn in an Online Course
E-Learning Queen: The Best Way to Learn in an Online Course
Advice for online learners to get the most out of their courses. Includes cognitive, behavioral, and self-regulation strategies. Even though this is geared towards learners, instructional designers can also benefit from thinking about how to teach and model these strategies.
·elearnqueen.blogspot.com·
E-Learning Queen: The Best Way to Learn in an Online Course
» What Everybody Ought to Know About Instructional Design The Rapid eLearning Blog
» What Everybody Ought to Know About Instructional Design The Rapid eLearning Blog

Great post on the value of instructional design and what instructional designers add to the process of learning.

  • More than just putting info in front of learners
  • Helps learners focus on the right things
  • Provides context and perspective
  • Saves time in the learning process
  • "Engages learners in clear and meaningful content"

I love the use of the YouTube video as the attention getter and example in this post. I've seen variations on this video before, but never thought about it in this context.

·articulate.com·
» What Everybody Ought to Know About Instructional Design The Rapid eLearning Blog
Do Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Learners Need Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Instruction?
Do Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Learners Need Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Instruction?
Examines what cognitive science actually tells us about different learning styles and argues that the best answer is to choose the modality that best suits the content rather than adapting to the student.
·readingrockets.org·
Do Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Learners Need Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Instruction?
Ask the Cognitive Scientist: “Brain-Based” Learning: More Fiction than Fact
Ask the Cognitive Scientist: “Brain-Based” Learning: More Fiction than Fact
This article examines several myths of brain-based learning, looking at what the neuroscience research actually tells us. Very little of the research at this point is directly applicable to the classroom; it just doesn't tell us enough about how people learn in real environments.
For neuroscience to mean something to teachers, it must provide information beyond what is available without neuroscientific methods. It’s not enough to describe what’s happening in the brain, and pretend that you’ve learned something useful.
In general, if you are interested in describing effects at a given level of analysis, you are most likely to make progress by sticking to that level of analysis. If you’re interested in describing ways that students learn best, it makes sense to study classroom situations. To the extent that neuroscience will inform good teaching practice, it seems most likely that this influence will be funneled through the cognitive level of analysis: For example, neuroscience will help us better understand memory, and this improved understanding of memory might be used to improve classroom practice. It’s unlikely that leapfrogging the cognitive level analysis and going straight from the brain to the classroom will work out very often.
·aft.org·
Ask the Cognitive Scientist: “Brain-Based” Learning: More Fiction than Fact
Sensory Integration | Brain Rules |
Sensory Integration | Brain Rules |
Several people have mentioned John Medina's book Brain Rules. A lot of this sounds common sense, but check the footnotes on slides 2 & 3 for his rule "Sensory Integration: Stimulate more of the senses." He has a nice chart about how much more we remember for passive/active learning with multiple senses stimulated. He cites Dale's cone of experience, but he has numbers for each level, so we know he's, shall we say, stretching the research a bit.
·brainrules.net·
Sensory Integration | Brain Rules |
Social Networking: Learning Theory in Action
Social Networking: Learning Theory in Action
Exploring how social networking applications could be used to create a more social constructivist learning environment to support collaboration, creativity, and networking. (The author calls it "social learning theory" and contrasts it with "objectivist" learning, but never uses the phrase "social constructivism." Still, it seems like that's what she's describing.)
·campustechnology.com·
Social Networking: Learning Theory in Action
Will at Work Learning: FREE Research Report on Feedback
Will at Work Learning: FREE Research Report on Feedback
21 points from research on feedback summarized, plus a downloadable free report with all the details. Feedback is generally good for learners and should tell them the right answers, plus maybe why it's right. Lots of insight about what kinds of feedback to use or how to use feedback depending on the results you're aiming for.
<li>Immediate feedback prevents subsequent confusion and limits the likelihood for continued inappropriate retrieval practice.</li> <li>Delayed feedback creates a beneficial spacing effect.</li> <li>When in doubt about the timing of feedback, you can (a) give immediate feedback and then a subsequent delayed retrieval opportunity, (b) delay feedback slightly, and/or (c) just be sure to give some kind of feedback.</li> <li>Feedback should usually be provided before learners get another chance to retrieve incorrectly again.</li>
·willatworklearning.com·
Will at Work Learning: FREE Research Report on Feedback
Building a collaborative workplace
Building a collaborative workplace
Collaboration in the workplace doesn't need to just be the formal, structured, team-based approach. This whitepaper also described "community collaboration," where people focus on learning rather than tasks and "network collaboration," such as the loose networks formed through social media. Includes a checklist for how collaborative an organizational culture is.
·anecdote.com.au·
Building a collaborative workplace
eLearning Guild Annual Gathering 2008 - Day 1- Social Learning Discussion « eLearning Weekly
eLearning Guild Annual Gathering 2008 - Day 1- Social Learning Discussion « eLearning Weekly
Tips and tricks for implementing social learning tools (Web 2.0 tools for learning) in organizations, focused on how to get people in the organization to buy in and actually use the tools.
<li>Oftentimes, when social learning is discussed at an organization, some workers shy away. They see their knowledge as their power, and they’re afraid to give up that control. How to overcome this? Emphasize their ability to help others and play a bigger role in helping the organization, instead of hoarding the knowledge. (Sometimes easier said than done.)</li> <li>If you’re getting pushback on social learning technologies (ex. blogs and wikis), you may want to have evangelist(s) at your organization who take lead and emphasize the potential of these tools, show examples, etc.</li>
"What is the perfect social learning implementation? There is no such thing. Use whatever tools and methodologies that help your teams collaborate best."
·elearningweekly.wordpress.com·
eLearning Guild Annual Gathering 2008 - Day 1- Social Learning Discussion « eLearning Weekly
Coherence or interest: Which is most important in online multimedia learning?
Coherence or interest: Which is most important in online multimedia learning?
A challenge to the coherence principle: the idea that all information in multimedia learning should be essential, and nothing should be added simply for interest. This research found that in an authentic learning setting that performance was the same whether learners had only the essentials or had additional interesting information, directly contradicting Clark & Mayer's work.
·ascilite.org.au·
Coherence or interest: Which is most important in online multimedia learning?
Top News - Analysis: How multimedia can improve learning
Top News - Analysis: How multimedia can improve learning
Research on how effective use of multimedia can improve learning outcomes. Based on research by Mayer, Moreno, Clark, & others. Much of this is in e-Learning and the Science of Instruction, but some of these principles, especially on interactivity, aren't included in that book. (Quotes from page 4)
Direct Manipulation Principle: As the complexity of the materials increases, the impact of direct manipulation (animation, pacing) of the learning materials on the transfer of knowledge also increases.
However, when the average student is engaged in higher-order thinking using multimedia in interactive situations, on average, that student's percentage ranking on higher-order or transfer skills increases by 32 percentile points over what the student would have accomplished with traditional learning.
·eschoolnews.com·
Top News - Analysis: How multimedia can improve learning
Creating Passionate Users: Ten Tips for New Trainers/Teachers
Creating Passionate Users: Ten Tips for New Trainers/Teachers
Kathy Sierra, from 2005, arguing that simply having taken a lot of classes doesn't make one a good teacher or trainer ("I'd make a good brain surgeon, because I've HAD brain surgery.") However, she also argues that motivated people can be self-taught.
But with that out of the way, nobody needs a PhD (or in most cases -- any degree at all) in education or learning theory to be a good teacher. Just as there are plenty of great software developers and programmers without a CompSci degree. People <i>can</i> be self-taught, and do a fabulous job, for a fraction of the cost of a formal education, but they have to be motivated and they have to appreciate why it's important.
·headrush.typepad.com·
Creating Passionate Users: Ten Tips for New Trainers/Teachers
How to get an Instructional Design education without paying tuition | effectivedesign.org
How to get an Instructional Design education without paying tuition | effectivedesign.org

A reading list for instructional designers, especially those of us doing the "informal masters" on our own rather than enrolling. More than just instructional design, this list includes project management, psychology of learning, and other topics.

Related link: http://www.dctrcurry.com/2008/02/immediately-accessible-instructional.html

·dctrcurry.blogspot.com·
How to get an Instructional Design education without paying tuition | effectivedesign.org
TL Forum 2000: McLoughlin and Marshall - learner support in an online teaching environment
TL Forum 2000: McLoughlin and Marshall - learner support in an online teaching environment
Scaffolding skills for learning online to support the development of lifelong learning skills. The authors identify 4 aspects of "learning to learn": articulation, self regulation, repertoir of learning strategies, and self-evaluation skills. Design principles to support these 4 component skills are covered.
·lsn.curtin.edu.au·
TL Forum 2000: McLoughlin and Marshall - learner support in an online teaching environment
Do Generational Differences Matter in Instructional Design?
Do Generational Differences Matter in Instructional Design?
Literature review of research in generational differences in learning and whether it matters for instructional design. Overall, the authors conclude that there are some generational differences in the workplace, but that the generalities don't warrant making assumptions about any particular individual. The current research also doesn't do enough to account for socioeconomic differences.
·it.coe.uga.edu·
Do Generational Differences Matter in Instructional Design?