The repertoire of ABC proteins in Clostridioides difficile
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters belong to one of the largest membrane protein superfamilies, which function in translocating substrates across biological membranes using energy from ATP hydrolysis. Currently, the classification of ABC transporters in Clostridioides difficile is not co …
Prevalence and impact of antimicrobial resistance in gastrointestinal infections: A review
Antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide problem due to its excessive increase in recent years. The aim of the present review was to bring together data from different articles describing the levels of antimicrobial resistance in the most common gastrointestinal infections reported across the …
Large Clostridial Toxins: Mechanisms and Roles in Disease
SUMMARY Large clostridial toxins (LCTs) are a family of bacterial exotoxins that infiltrate and destroy target cells. Members of the LCT family include Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB, Paeniclostridium sordellii toxins TcsL and TcsH, Clostridium novyi toxin TcnA, and Clostridium perfringens toxin TpeL. Since the 19th century, LCT-secreting bacteria have been isolated from the blood, organs, and wounds of diseased individuals, and LCTs have been implicated as the primary virulence factors in a variety of infections, including C. difficile infection and some cases of wound-associated gas gangrene. Clostridia express and secrete LCTs in response to various physiological signals. LCTs invade host cells by binding specific cell surface receptors, ultimately leading to internalization into acidified vesicles. Acidic pH promotes conformational changes within LCTs, which culminates in translocation of the N-terminal glycosyltransferase and cysteine protease domain across the endosomal membrane and into the cytosol, leading first to cytopathic effects and later to cytotoxic effects. The focus of this review is on the role of LCTs in infection and disease, the mechanism of LCT intoxication, with emphasis on recent structural work and toxin subtyping analysis, and the genomic discovery and characterization of LCT homologues. We provide a comprehensive review of these topics and offer our perspective on emerging questions and future research directions for this enigmatic family of toxins.
Clostridioides difficile spores stimulate inflammatory cytokine responses and induce cytotoxicity in macrophages
Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. During C. difficile infection, spores germinate in the presence of bile acids into vegetative cells that subsequently colonize the large intestine and pr …
Clostridioides difficile colonization and infection in a cohort of Australian adults with cystic fibrosis - ScienceDirect
Little is known about Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to investigate the pre…
Large Clostridial Toxins: Mechanisms and Roles in Disease
Large clostridial toxins (LCTs) are a family of bacterial exotoxins that infiltrate and destroy target cells. Members of the LCT family include Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB, Paeniclostridium sordellii toxins TcsL and TcsH, Clostridium novyi toxin TcnA, and Clostridium perfringens to …
IL-16 and BCA-1 Serum Levels Are Associated with Disease Severity of C. difficile Infection
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with a high risk for complications and death, which requires identifying severe patients and treating them accordingly. We examined the serum level of six cytokines and chemokines (IL-16, IL-21, IL-23, IL-33, BCA-1, TRAIL) and investigate …
Characterization and Pharmacological Inhibition of the Pore-Forming Clostridioides difficile CDTb Toxin
The clinically highly relevant Clostridioides (C.) difficile releases several AB-type toxins that cause diseases such as diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. In addition to the main virulence factors Rho/Ras-glycosylating toxins TcdA and TcdB, hypervirulent strains produce the binary AB-typ …
Patients With Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Show Higher Gut Bacterial Diversity and Levels of Low-Abundance Genes Than the Healthy Housemates - PubMed
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder with inadequate antibody responses and low levels of immunoglobulins including IgA that is involved in the maintenance of the intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we analyzed the taxonomical and function …
Gut microbiome-host interactions in driving environmental pollutant trichloroethene-mediated autoimmunity - PubMed
Trichloroethene (TCE), a widely used industrial solvent, is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases (ADs), including systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. Increasing evidence support a linkage between altered gut microbiome composition and the onset of ADs. However, i …
Antimicrobial Resistance Progression in the United Kingdom: A Temporal Comparison of Clostridioides difficile Antimicrobial Susceptibilities
Antibiotic resistance in CD has increased since the early 1980s, across the majority of classes. Moxifloxacin resistance determinants may pre-date its introduction.
Postinfection Irritable Bowel Syndrome Following Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Systematic-review and Meta-analysis
Over 20% of patients develop PI-IBS after CDI. Factors such as diagnostic criteria for IBS and CDI treatment did not affect prevalence, though small numbers limit the confidence in these conclusions. Larger, well conducted studies are needed to study PI-IBS in CDI.
Host Metabolic Disorders Induced by Alterations in Intestinal Flora under Dietary Pesticide Exposure - PubMed
A dietary pesticide residue causes underestimated influences on body health. In this work, experimental mice were exposed to commonly used pesticides that cause insulin resistance, inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Alterations in intestinal flora were detected in the exposure gro …
Structural modifications that increase gut restriction of bile acid derivatives
Bile acid derivatives have been investigated as possible therapeutics for a wide array of conditions, including several for which gut-restricted analogs would likely be preferred. These include the prevention of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and the treatment of inflammatory bowel …
Identification of a Novel Regulator of Clostridioides difficile Cortex Formation
Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of health care-associated infections worldwide. These infections are transmitted by C. difficile's metabolically dormant, aerotolerant spore form. Functional spore formation depends on the assembly of two protective layers, a thick layer of modified peptid …
Defending gut microbiota diversity for better health
A diverse gut microbiota consists of different types of microorganisms that produce thousands of powerful compounds and coexist harmoniously in the habitat of the host gut.
Enteric organisms detected in feces of dogs with bloody diarrhea: 45 cases
Bloody diarrhea is a common condition in dogs, but studies evaluating the enteropathogens involved specifically in adult dogs are scarce. In the present study, stool samples from 45 adult dogs with bloody diarrhea were evaluated for the four enteric organisms mainly reported in these cases: canine p …
New microbial genes responsible for bile acid conversion is a major step forward for gut health - News-Medical.Net
As the owner of a human body, you're carrying trillions of microbes with you everywhere you go. These microscopic organisms aren't just hitching a ride; many of them perform essential chemical reactions that regulate everything from our digestion to our immune system to our moods.
Microbial gene discovery could mean greater gut health - EurekAlert
As the owner of a human body, you're carrying trillions of microbes with you everywhere you go. These microscopic organisms aren't just hitching a ride; many of them perform essential chemical reactions that regulate everything from our digestion to our immune system to our moods.
Gut microbiota composition in health-care facility-and community-onset diarrheic patients with Clostridioides difficile infection
The role of gut microbiota in the establishment and development of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has been widely discussed. Studies showed the impact of CDI on bacterial communities and the importance of some genera and species in recovering from and preventing infection. However, most st …