Background Growing evidence has showed an association between habitual glucosamine use and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the effect of habitual glucosamine use on risk of dementia remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to examine the association between glucosamine use and risk of dementia and further to identify the mediating role of T2D in the association. Methods A total of 495,942 participants from UK Biobank who completed a questionnaire on habitual glucosamine use were included at baseline (2006–2010) and then followed up for incidence of dementia until 2020. Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident dementia. Markov multi-state models were used to explore the role of incidence of T2D during the follow-up in the association. Results Overall, 18.80% of the participants reported habitual use of glucosamine at baseline. A total of 6831 dementia events were recorded during a median follow-up of 11 years. In fully adjusted models, habitual glucosamine use was associated with a significantly lower risk of dementia (HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.93). Multi-state models showed that the association between glucosamine use and dementia was mediated by the incidence of T2D during the follow-up (HR of dementia without T2D: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.99; HR of post-T2D dementia: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93). Conclusions Our findings reveal that habitual use of glucosamine supplement is associated with a lower risk of dementia, which might be explained by incidence of T2D.

Objective: The level of precursors involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), glucosamine synthase, and N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), are significantly reduced in inflammatory bowel dis...

Clinical Efficacy of Glucosamine plus Sodium Hyaluronate for Osteoporosis Complicated by Knee Osteoarthritis and Its Influence on Joint Function and Bone Metabolic Markers: Background. Osteoporosis (OP) associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is common in older men and postmenopausal women, and it is important to find reliable and effective treatments for this disease to improve joint function and bone metabolism in this population. Objective. To clarify the clinical efficacy of glucosamine (GlcN) plus sodium hyaluronate (SH) for OP complicated by KOA (OP + KOA) and its influence on joint function and bone metabolic markers (BMMs). Methods. Admitted from July 2019 to July 2021, 126 patients with OP + KOA were selected, including 76 cases (observation group) treated with GlcN plus SH and 50 cases (control group) given GlcN alone. The pain, joint function, BMMs, and clinical efficacy were evaluated and compared. Pain and joint function assessments employed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) plus Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, respectively. BMMs mainly measured bone gla protein (BGP), serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase variant (TRACP)-5b, type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX-1), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP). Results. Higher posttreatment VAS scores were determined in observation group as compared to control group; observation group showed lower WOMAC scores of joint function and higher Lysholm scores than control group; in terms of BMMs, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 were lower while BGP and BALP were higher in observation group; the curative effect was also higher in observation group. All the above differences were statistically significant. Conclusions. GlcN plus SH has definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of OP + KOA, which can not only significantly improve patients’ joint function and bone metabolism but also relieve pain, with high clinical popularization value.

Glucosamine, an amino-polysaccharide, has been widely used for alleviating osteoarthritis. . In the present study, attempts have been made to evaluate the potential role of glucosamine, a caloric r...

Objective. To assess the application value of comprehensive rehabilitation therapy plus glucosamine hydrochloride for exercise-induced knee injuries and its effect on knee function. Methods. A total of 96 patients with an exercise-induced knee injury who were admitted to our hospital from February 2019 to February 202 were recruited and assigned at a ratio of 1 : 1 with matched general information to a control group (n = 45) or an experimental group (n = 51). Both groups of patients received comprehensive rehabilitation therapy, and the patients in the experimental group were daily given additional glucosamine hydrochloride tablets for 8 weeks. Results. The experimental group showed a higher treatment efficacy than the control group (). After the treatment, the VAS scores and C-reactive protein of the two groups showed a decline, with a lower result in the experimental group than in the control group (). The Lysholm knee scores were increased in the two groups after the treatment, and the experimental group had a higher score (). After the treatment, patients of both groups showed reduced five-times-sit-to-stand-test (FTSST) results, with a better outcome obtained in the experimental group (). Conclusion. Comprehensive rehabilitation therapy plus glucosamine hydrochloride effectively improves the clinical efficacy of exercise-induced knee joint injuries and enhances the knee joint rehabilitation of the patients.

Currently, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Recently, glucosamine and chondroitin have gained popularity for their beneficial effects on cancer. They have already ...

This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise combined with glucosamine (OTL) on the apoptosis of chondrocytes of rabbit knee osteoar…

NeuroMolecular Medicine - Neuroprotective, antineuroinflammatory, and proneurogenic effects of glucosamine, a naturally occurring amino sugar, have been reported in various animal models of brain...

d-Glucosamine is a protective dietary supplement or medicine for osteoarthritis of the knee, a musculoskeletal disease that leads to a significant det…

Our results show that GlcN supplementation in aerobically trained mice, at doses equivalent to those conventionally used in humans, increases the protein levels of mitochondrial biogenesis markers, improves motor coordination and may have a synergistic effect with exercise training on running distan …

Glucosamine use, smoking and risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A large prospective cohort study

Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are common among older women, especially postmenopausal women. Glucosamine (GlcN) is a common medication for OA, but it may induce insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, especially if ovarian hormones are lacking. Raloxifene (RLX) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and also an OP drug. Previously, we found that estrogen could improve GlcN-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Here, we further hypothesized that RLX, similarly to estrogen, can ameliorate GlcN-induced insulin resistance in OVX rats. We used GlcN to induce insulin resistance in OVX rats as a model for evaluating the protective effects of RLX in vivo. We used a pancreatic β-cell line, MIN-6, to study the mechanisms underlying the effect of RLX in GlcN-induced β-cell dysfunction in vitro. Increases in fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance in OVX Sprague Dawley rats treated with GlcN were reversed by RLX treatment (n = 8 in each group). Skeletal muscle GLUT-4 increased, liver PEPCK decreased, pancreatic islet hypertrophy, and β-cell apoptosis in OVX rats treated with GlcN was ameliorated by RLX. The negative effects of GlcN on insulin secretion and cell viability in MIN-6 cells were related to the upregulation of reticulum (ER) stress-associated proteins (C/EBP homologous protein, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phospho-c-JunN-terminal kinase), the expression of which was reduced by RLX. Pretreatment with estrogen receptor antagonists reversed the protective effects of RLX. GlcN can induce insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and apoptosis in OVX rats and increase ER stress-related proteins in β-cells, whereas RLX can reverse these adverse effects. The effects of RLX act mainly through estrogen receptor α; therefore, RLX may be a candidate drug for postmenopausal women with OA and OP.

Regular use of glucosamine was significantly related with decreased risk of lung cancer and lung cancer mortality, based on data from this nationwide prospective cohort study.

Glucosamine (GLU) is a natural compound found in cartilage, and supplementation with glucosamine has been shown to improve joint heath and has been linked to reduced mortality rates. GLU is poorly absorbed and may exhibit functional properties in the gut. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of glucosamine on gastrointestinal function as well as changes in fecal microbiota and metabolome. Healthy males (n = 6) and females (n = 5) (33.4 ± 7.7 years, 174.1 ± 12.0 cm, 76.5 ± 12.9 kg, 25.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2, n = 11) completed two supplementation protocols that each spanned three weeks separated by a washout period that lasted two weeks. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, participants ingested a daily dose of GLU hydrochloride (3000 mg GlucosaGreen®, TSI Group Ltd., Missoula, MT, USA) or maltodextrin placebo. Study participants completed bowel habit and gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires in addition to providing a stool sample that was analyzed for fecal microbiota and metabolome at baseline and after the completion of each supplementation period. GLU significantly reduced stomach bloating and showed a trend towards reducing constipation and hard stools. Phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s PD) and proportions of Pseudomonadaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Bacillaceae were significantly reduced following GLU consumption. GLU supplementation significantly reduced individual, total branched-chain, and total amino acid excretion, with no glucosamine being detected in any of the fecal samples. GLU had no effect on fecal short-chain fatty acids levels. GLU supplementation provided functional gut health benefits and induced fecal microbiota and metabolome changes.

Glucosamine is an amino monosaccharide with a small molecular weight and has a protective effect against various neurological diseases including multi…

Hyperlipidemia due to a high-fat diet (HFD) is a risk factor for inducing insulin resistance (IR) and adverse effects onpancreatic β-cells in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This relationship may be due to activation of the hexosaminebiosynthesis pathway. Administration of exogenous glucosamin …

Background Glucosamine hydrochloride, a natural biopolymer present in the daily diet, has various biological activities including antitumour properties and protective effects against pathogens. Early studies showed that daily administration of a derivative of glucosamine induced proliferation of leukemia cells and prolonged overall survival in mice; importantly, no toxicity was associated with the glucosamine treatment. However, the potential mechanism of the antitumour effect is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory mechanism and effect of glucosamine on human gastric carcinoma cells in vitro. Methods Gastric carcinoma MKN-45 cells were exposed to 0, 100, 500 and 1000 µg/mL glucosamine hydrochloride for 72 hours, and then the viability and proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells in vitro was measured using the MTT (3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Quantitative gene expression of MMP-2 and -3 was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein level was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Glucosamine hydrochloride has a significant inhibitory antitumour effect on MKN-45 cells in vitro. The cell viability of MKN-45 cells treated with different concentrations of glucosamine hydrochloride rose continuously from 24 to 72 hours compared with the untreated control. MKN-45 cells were inhibited by 54% by 500 µg/mL glucosamine hydrochloride and by 85% by 1000 µg/mL glucosamine hydrochloride. Administration of 500 µg/mL glucosamine hydrochloride resulted in a significant decrease in MMP-2 and MMP-3 expression of about 79% and 70%, respectively, in MKN-45 cells. Conclusions In this study, we showed that the antitumour activity of glucosamine hydrochloride significantly suppresses MKN-45 cells in vitro. This effect was shown by inhibitory gene expression of MMP-2 and -3. Acknowledgments This research was financially supported by Zhuhai College of Jilin University.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease with complex underling mechanisms 1–3. The interactions among several factors make the study of the disease very complex and often lead to different treatment, i.e. surgical or conservative, decisions for subjects clinically and radiographically similar. Recent explorations performed at the body level pointed out that macro-factors, like overweight or gait, can influence the development of the disease 4. The number of related factors is high, and they are very likely to interact with each other. However, the literature lacks randomized and balanced studies to verify such effects of multiple factors 5. Objectives: The aim of this work was to develop a multifactorial analysis to explore whether and how gait functionality and dynamics can be related to treatment decision. Methods: A multifactorial analysis of gait dynamics in OA subjects was developed. 81 OA subjects, graded 2-3 in KL, were selected based on 4 clinical factors: Gender (male – female), Age (60-67 – 68-75), BMI (25–29.9 – 30+) and Treatment (total knee replacement (TKR) – conservative treatment). Gait analysis was performed using 8 cameras BTS Smart-DX 700, 1.5 Mpixels 250 fps and 2 force plates BTS P-6000 500 Hz sampling (BTS S.p.A., Milan, Italy). Helen Hayes marker protocol with medial markers was used for the study. Each volunteer was asked to perform a minimum of 5 valid gait sequences. Functionality and dynamics parameters were measured. Functionality : Velocity of gait and the time needed to perform a gait cycle were computed. Dynamics: The reaction forces and torques at the ankles, knees and hips were computed through inverse dynamic analyses. Analysis of variance was performed for the four factors described among the functionality and dynamics parameters. Results: The multifactorial analysis showed that functionality values are more subjective to the studied factors than the dynamics ones. Functionality seems to be directly related to the clinical treatment. Patients who selected TKR needed more time to make a step, spent more time in double stand position and walked slower (p

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease causing pain and disability. Glucosamine sulphate is a well known oral supplement for its treatment. The present pioneering study provides an overview of the accentuated transdermal delivery of glucosamine sulphate through the optimized gel formulation w

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joint synovium. Anserine is a functional dipeptide containing methylhistidine and β-alanine, and is present in the brain and skeletal muscle of birds and mammals. Glucosamine is an amino sugar used in the synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. We evaluated the effects of anserine and glucosamine on RA. Rats were assigned into the control group, RA group, anserine group (1 mg/kg), glucosamine group (200 mg/kg), or anserine plus glucosamine group (anserine, 1 mg/kg + glucosamine, 200 mg/kg). Treatment was continued for 45 consecutive days and was administered orally. The serum levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, uric acid, nitric oxide, ceruloplasmin, zinc, copper, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were assayed. The mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in synovial tissue were also determined. Anserine plus glucosamine significantly increased the catalase, SOD, Gpx, GSH, and zinc levels compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Also, anserine plus glucosamine significantly reduced the PGE2, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Furthermore, anserine plus glucosamine significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and iNOS compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Therefore, supplementation of anserine plus glucosamine shows therapeutic potential for RA.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide, and glucosamine has the potential to exhibit antitumor activity. To reveal its anti‑lung cancer mechanism, the present study investigated the effect of glucosamine on the transcriptional activity of forkhead box O (FOXO)1 …

The present study is performed to investigate the effect of two different glucosamine containing drugs: Drug 1 and Drug 2 (D1 and D2) against CCl4 induced brain damage in male albino rats. Liverin (AM) was employed in the current study as an antioxidant reference drug. CCl4 administration caused a significant elevation in the levels of MDA and NO of brain tissue, in association with a significant decrease in the antioxidant defense system (GSH, SOD and GPX) that indicated the induction of oxidative stress in brain tissue. CCl4 administration induced brain injury as manifested by the obtained changes in neurotransmitter parameter (norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine (DA), Serotonin (5-HT), and Acetylcholinesterase AChE). The tested nutraceuticals and the antioxidant drug displayed a significant improvement against the undue effect of CCl4 via decreasing the brain tissue content of MDA, NO with the elevation of GSH content. Also, the significant increase in SOD and GPX enzymatic activity was obtained when compared to CCL4 group. In addition AM, D1, and D2 have an ameliorative effect on neurotransmitter parameter NE, DA, 5HT, and AChE. Results of this study suggest that both antioxidant drugs and tested nutraceuticals palliate the brain injuries through anti-oxidative effect, with the elimination of the deleterious effect of toxic metabolites of CCl4 on brain tissue.

Objectives To evaluate the associations of regular glucosamine use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large prospective cohort. Methods This population-based prospective cohort study included 495 077 women and men (mean (SD) age, 56.6 (8.1) years) from the UK Biobank study. Participants were recruited from 2006 to 2010 and were followed up through 2018. We evaluated all-cause mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, respiratory and digestive disease. HRs and 95% CIs for all-cause and cause-specific mortality were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for potential confounding variables. Results At baseline, 19.1% of the participants reported regular use of glucosamine supplements. During a median follow-up of 8.9 years (IQR 8.3–9.7 years), 19 882 all-cause deaths were recorded, including 3802 CVD deaths, 8090 cancer deaths, 3380 respiratory disease deaths and 1061 digestive disease deaths. In multivariable adjusted analyses, the HRs associated with glucosamine use were 0.85 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.89) for all-cause mortality, 0.82 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.90) for CVD mortality, 0.94 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99) for cancer mortality, 0.73 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.81) for respiratory mortality and 0.74 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.90) for digestive mortality. The inverse associations of glucosamine use with all-cause mortality seemed to be somewhat stronger among current than non-current smokers (p for interaction=0.00080). Conclusions Regular glucosamine supplementation was associated with lower mortality due to all causes, cancer, CVD, respiratory and digestive diseases.

Objective To prospectively assess the association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting UK Biobank. Participants 466 039 participants without CVD at baseline who completed a questionnaire on supplement use, which included glucosamine. These participants were enrolled from 2006 to 2010 and were followed up to 2016. Main outcome measures Incident CVD events, including CVD death, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Results During a median follow-up of seven years, there were 10 204 incident CVD events, 3060 CVD deaths, 5745 coronary heart disease events, and 3263 stroke events. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, race, lifestyle factors, dietary intakes, drug use, and other supplement use, glucosamine use was associated with a significantly lower risk of total CVD events (hazard ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.90), CVD death (0.78, 0.70 to 0.87), coronary heart disease (0.82, 0.76 to 0.88), and stroke (0.91, 0.83 to 1.00). Conclusion Habitual use of glucosamine supplement to relieve osteoarthritis pain might also be related to lower risks of CVD events.

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Glucosamine (GlcN), also known as aminosaccharide, is an important functional monosaccharide and the first amino monosaccharide to be identified as a hydroxyl group of glucose substituted by amino ...

Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common types of cancer in urological system worldwide. Recently, the anticancer role of Glucosamine has been studied in many types of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Glucosamine on RCC. Methods The effects of Glucosamine on RCC cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis assay, respectively in vitro. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry after treatment with Glucosamine. Protein levels of several cell cycle associated markers were examined by Western Blot. Results Our data showed that Glucosamine significantly inhibited the proliferation of renal cancer 786-O and Caki-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, Glucosamine treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in both cell lines. Meanwhile, the expression of several regulators that contribute to G1/S phased transition, such as Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6, were significantly down-regulated with the up-regulation of cell cycle inhibitors, p21 and p53, after treatment with glucosamine. However, the apoptosis rate of RCC cells was down-regulated when treatment with Glucosamine at 1 mM and 5 mM, while up-regulated at 10 mM. Conclusions Our findings indicated that Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells by promoting cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, but not promoting apoptosis. The present results suggested that Glucosamine might be a potential therapeutic agent in RCC treatment in the future.