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Long COVID facts and findings: a large-scale online survey in 74,075 Chinese participants
Long COVID facts and findings: a large-scale online survey in 74,075 Chinese participants
An analysis of over 68,000 valid responses found that common long COVID symptoms include fatigue, memory decline, reduced exercise ability, and brain fog, with lower rates among individuals infected only once. Women were more prone to long COVID, and symptoms varied by age, except for sleep issues and muscle or joint pain, which were more frequent in older adults. Northern China showed higher prevalence, possibly due to colder temperatures. Risk factors included pre-existing conditions, alcohol use, smoking, and severe acute infection. While reinfection generally caused milder acute symptoms, it increased the likelihood and severity of long COVID. Vaccination, especially with multiple boosters, significantly reduced long-term symptoms. Additionally, COVID-19 patients reported more bacterial, flu, and mycoplasma infections, and 8–10% believed they developed chronic diseases due to the virus.
Long COVID facts and findings: a large-scale online survey in 74,075 Chinese participants
The risk of Long COVID, explained
The risk of Long COVID, explained
The question has been asked over and over again: what is the risk of Long COVID and how does that risk increase with each infection? Let's break down the science and get to know this invader that is making a host out of us.
The risk of Long COVID, explained
Dealing with the Fallout: Office of Chief Science Advisor of Canada
Dealing with the Fallout: Office of Chief Science Advisor of Canada

"The ongoing risk of infection and subsequent acute and chronic illness is not negligible. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to circulate with evolving variants of concern .... with each SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, the risk of developing [Long Covid] is cumulative. That means two infections carry a greater risk than one infection and the risk after three infections is larger than after two infections. As of June 20234, two out of three Canadians had at least on COVID-19 infection and one in five Canadians had been infected multiple times."

Dealing with the Fallout: Office of Chief Science Advisor of Canada
Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection - Nature Medicine
Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection - Nature Medicine
People who had a reinfection with COVID-19 faced a higher risk of dying from any cause compared to those who didn't get reinfected. The risk was more than twice as high. They also had a higher chance of being hospitalized and experiencing long-term health issues related to the virus. Specifically, they were 3 times more likely to be hospitalized and over twice as likely to experience lasting symptoms, like those from long COVID.
Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection - Nature Medicine
How Risky Are Repeat COVID Infections? What We Know So Far | Scientif…
How Risky Are Repeat COVID Infections? What We Know So Far | Scientif…
“Every time you get infected [with COVID], it does harm to the body in some way,” says Avindra Nath, a neurologist at the National Institutes of Health who has led research on long COVID and other post-viral conditions.
How Risky Are Repeat COVID Infections? What We Know So Far | Scientif…
Every COVID Infection Increases Your Risk of Long COVID, Study Warns
Every COVID Infection Increases Your Risk of Long COVID, Study Warns

“Each subsequent COVID infection will increase your risk of developing chronic health issues like diabetes, kidney disease, organ failure and even mental health problems,” physician Rambod Rouhbakhsh warned journalist Sara Berg in an American Medical Association podcast earlier this year.

“This dispels the myth that repeated brushes with the virus are mild and you don’t have to worry about it. It is akin to playing Russian roulette.”

Every COVID Infection Increases Your Risk of Long COVID, Study Warns
Understanding Cumulative Risk
Understanding Cumulative Risk
"Two years ago, one of us made a prediction in Fortune Magazine that a few years of ‘learning to live with’ COVID (i.e., pretending it doesn’t exist) would lead to a billion cases of Long COVID. A recent estimate pegs the total incidence so far at 400 million cases of Long COVID. Long COVID is well on its way to becoming the world’s most common disease."
Understanding Cumulative Risk
It’s Really, Really Worth Trying to Avoid Getting COVID Multiple Times
It’s Really, Really Worth Trying to Avoid Getting COVID Multiple Times
The goal of the research was to determine whether the risk of complications goes up the more you’re infected with the virus, according to lead study author Ziyad Al-Aly, MD, assistant professor at the School of Medicine at Washington University in St. Louis. “The answer is absolutely yes,” he tells SELF.
It’s Really, Really Worth Trying to Avoid Getting COVID Multiple Times
What doctors wish patients knew about COVID-19 reinfection
What doctors wish patients knew about COVID-19 reinfection
"We know from a pretty elegant study that was recently published in Nature Medicine that each subsequent COVID infection will increase your risk of developing chronic health issues like diabetes, kidney disease, organ failure and even mental health problems."
What doctors wish patients knew about COVID-19 reinfection
Rising Risks with COVID Reinfection | Harvard Magazine
Rising Risks with COVID Reinfection | Harvard Magazine
Assistant professor of medicine Amy Barczak shared a Nature study that used data from the Veteran’s Administration to assess the cumulative risk of post-infection effects in people with one, two, and three or more SARS-CoV-2 infections, as compared to noninfected controls. The data show a consistent pattern of increased likelihood of hospitalization, cardiovascular effects, clotting and other blood disorders, diabetes, fatigue, gastrointestinal distress, kidney damage, mental health effects such as depression, musculoskeletal damage, neurological deficits, and pulmonary damage with each episode. Prior infection does not change the course of disease in subsequent infections, just the risk of severe complications.
Rising Risks with COVID Reinfection | Harvard Magazine
Repeat COVID is riskier than first infection, study finds
Repeat COVID is riskier than first infection, study finds
Reinfected patients faced more than double the risk of death, over triple the risk of hospitalization, were three times more likely to develop lung problems, and had a 60% higher likelihood of developing neurological issues.
Repeat COVID is riskier than first infection, study finds