COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource - WHN
COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource
COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource
Long COVID: women at greater risk compared to men – could immune system differences be the cause?
Immune damage in Long Covid
“Acute infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause a respiratory illness that can be associated with systemic immune cell activation and inflammation, widespread multiorgan dysfunction, and thrombosis. Not everyone fully recovers from COVID-19, leading to Long Covid, the treatment of which is a major unmet clinical need”
Acute infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause a respiratory illness that can be associated with systemic immune cell activation and inflammation, widespread multiorgan dysfunction, and thrombosis. Not everyone fully recovers from COVID-19, leading to Long Covid, the treatment of which is a major unmet clinical need
Victim Has Immune Depletion & Opportunistic Fungal Infection:
To everyone who said "There's no way Long C*vid is like HIV. That's an unhelpful exaggeration." Cool. Please tell that to my negligible immunoglobulins...
SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes
SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells by binding its spike glycoprotein to the CD4 molecule, impairing cell function and potentially causing cell death.
This mechanism involves the interaction of the virus with both CD4 and ACE2 receptors.
Imagine, in the 1980s...
“Imagine, in the 1980s...
‘I finally got HIV - just in time for Christmas. And I couldn't be happier. Here's why.’
Think that's a stretch? Covid is sparking what were once AIDS-defining conditions. It's disastrous for the immune system. And every other organ/system of the body.”
Study: COVID can trigger changes to the immune system that may underlie persistent symptoms | CIDRAP
“Study: COVID can trigger changes to the immune system that may underlie persistent symptoms”
How (multiple) COVID infections impact your immune system
Research Reveals COVID-19's Body-Wide Impact
“Notably, we also found that activation of RAAS caused substantial damage to the lymph nodes, which hasn't been shown in COVID-19 before," said Beheshti, who is also director of McGowan's Center for Space Biomedicine . "This could explain the long-lasting immune dysregulation seen in survivors of COVID-19 and may contribute to long COVID."
It's also possible that damage to lymph nodes could impair the immune system's ability to detect and destroy cancerous cells, which could potentially help explain the post-pandemic increase in cancer cases.”
Notably, we also found that activation of RAAS caused substantial damage to the lymph nodes, which hasn't been shown in COVID-19 before," said Beheshti, who is also director of McGowan's Center for Space Biomedicine . "This could explain the long-lasting immune dysregulation seen in survivors of COVID-19 and may contribute to long COVID."It's also possible that damage to lymph nodes could impair the immune system's ability to detect and destroy cancerous cells, which could potentially help explain the post-pandemic increase in cancer cases.
Chronic Viral Reactivation and Associated Host Immune Response and Clinical Outcomes in Acute COVID-19 and Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19
Study in the US followed 1,154 hospitalized COVID-19 patients for 12 months.
It found reactivation of latent viruses like EBV and CMV during acute COVID-19.
Persistent reactivation of certain viruses correlated with Long COVID symptoms.
Looks like Yale school of public health has finally started to say what I have been repeatedly saying since 2020
“Looks like Yale school of public health has finally started to say what I have been repeatedly saying since 2020
1) covid creates longlasting autoimmunity by harming t regs 2) harms adaptive immunity 3) causes immune dysregulation 4) persists etc”
Severe COVID-19 may lead to long-term innate immune system changes
Severe COVID-19 can cause persistent alterations in the innate immune system, leading to high levels of inflammation even after recovery.
Changes in gene expression in blood-forming stem cells were found, which were passed down to immune cells.
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accelerated immunosenescence in CD4 and especially CD8 T-cell compartments may represent a common and unique outcome of SARS-CoV2 infection", not seen in the flu-like illnesses analysed in the same study
Getting COVID-19 Could Weaken Your Immune System
“Even relatively easy bouts with COVID-19 can still take a toll on the immune system, according to a paper published…in the journal Immunity—particularly on T-cells, which provide long term and durable protection against viruses.”
Even relatively easy bouts with COVID-19 can still take a toll on the immune system, according to a paper published Mar. 15 in the journal Immunity—particularly on T-cells, which provide long term and durable protection against viruses.
Immune Parallels: HIV/AIDS & Long COVID’s Lasting Impact
“Immune Parallels: HIV/AIDS & Long COVID’s Lasting Impact
HIV/AIDS & COVID-19, particularly long COVID, share several significant similarities, especially in terms of viral persistence, T cell damage, immune system dysfunction, & activation of other pathogens. These parallels are important for understanding the long-term effects of both infections and their impact on the immune system…” A thread:
Studies pinpoint immune cells and proteins linked to long COVID
“In the blood of the long COVID patients, the team [at the University of Alberta] found higher levels of various proteins related to systemic inflammation—especially galectin-9 and artemin.. higher levels of galectin-9 in patients are associated with increased inflammation and brain fog.. higher levels of artemin are associated with widespread pain, more severe pain and cognitive impairment.. galectin-9 is shed by stressed neutrophils—the most abundant white blood cells—in long COVID patients. This released galectin-9 can promote chronic inflammation by affecting various immune cells.. long COVID dysregulates the production of red blood cells, which results in an abundance of immature red blood cells in the blood of these patients. Normally, immature red blood cells are present in the bone marrow but not in the blood of healthy people. It is these immature red blood cells in the blood that suppress the immune system and contribute to the elevation of artemin in the plasma of long-COVID patients."
Over but not gone: lingering epigenetic effects of COVID-19
“Long COVID’ affects nearly one in five adults who have had coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the mechanisms underlying this disorder remain poorly understood. In a new study, Cheong et al. show that the epigenetic and transcriptional state of myeloid immune cells and their progenitors are durably altered in patients following severe COVID-19.”
"Long COVID, or post-acute COVID syndrome (PACS), is now estimated to occur in 19% of adults having presented with COVID-19..
“Long COVID, or post-acute COVID syndrome (PACS), is now estimated to occur in 19% of adults having presented with COVID-19.. PACS is believed to be caused by immunological changes that persist after acute infection. Furthermore, it is now increasingly recognized that these changes include not only those in the adaptive immune system, such as production of autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells due to molecular mimicry, but also those in the innate immune system.. A new study by Cheong et al. in Cell reveals crucial differences in the transcriptional and epigenetic state of innate immune cells and their progenitors [among PASC patients].. the study team demonstrated that myeloid cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells harbored transcriptional and chromatin accessibility changes that did not return to baseline even 1 year after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data provide powerful evidence that persistent changes (i.e., trained immunity) may underlie PACS..”
Postacute Sequelae of COVID (PASC or Long COVID): An Evidenced-Based Approach
“The ongoing immune dysregulation, biochemical abnormalities, and multiple phenotypes, affecting long Covid.
SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy
"We... conclusively demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting and replicating within [the heart, lymph nodes, small intestine, adrenal glands] and many other tissues, including brain... as late as 230 days following symptom onset..."
Sympathetic nerves suppress T-cell responses in infection and in cancer
T cell exhaustion in #MECFS & #LongCovid from predominant sympathetic state & the T cells engage the sympathetic fibers & adrenergic signaling decreases their effector function. Sympathetic nerves suppress T-cell responses in infection and in cancer
Different roads, same destination: Study shows COVID variants evolve to suppress immunity
“We’ve figured out how this virus is going to behave as it goes forward, or at least a big part of it,” he said. “And what we need to do, just like we do with HIV, is fight it with a cocktail of therapies.”
Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)
A review of the complex immune system dysregulation in #LongCovid
Amy Mitchell on Twitter
Anecdote: "My absolute lymphocytes count is below 1 again. My lymphocytes subsets are as bad or worse as they were in 2020. Numbers had normalized in 2022 with Evusheld. So far as I know, I haven't been reinfected. It's not #HIV, but it's acquired immune deficiency. #LongCOVID #AIDS"
NIH study identifies features of Long COVID neurological symptoms
"people with Long COVID had lower levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells—immune cells involved in coordinating the immune system’s response to viruses—compared to healthy controls."
Long COVID following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines
Long COVID following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines
SARS-CoV-2 escape from cytotoxic T cells during long-term COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 escape from cytotoxic T cells during long-term COVID-19
Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation, and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2
Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation, and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2
Anthony J Leonardi, MBBS, PhD on Twitter
Detailed analysis on Twitter: "As of now, people choose whether or not they have Long Covid based upon their symptoms
However, if most people, after mild infection have changes to their immune systems like reductions in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, without reporting symptoms, what should this be called?"
Uncertainty around the Long-Term Implications of COVID-19
Oct 1 2021, Title: Uncertainty around the Long-Term Implications of COVID-19 ”perspective on some long-term risks of mutational escape, viral persistence, reinfection, immune dysregulation and neurological and multi-system complications (Long COVID).”