PD-1 blockade counteracts post–COVID-19 immune abnormalities and stimulates the anti–SARS-CoV-2 immune response
PD-1 blockade counteracts post–COVID-19 immune abnormalities and stimulates the anti–SARS-CoV-2 immune response
Covid and the Immune System
Uncertainty around the Long-Term Implications of COVID-19
Oct 1 2021, Title: Uncertainty around the Long-Term Implications of COVID-19 ”perspective on some long-term risks of mutational escape, viral persistence, reinfection, immune dysregulation and neurological and multi-system complications (Long COVID).”
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism
HLA class I–associated expansion of TRBV11-2 T cells in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Mar 11 2021, Title, HLA class I–associated expansion of TRBV11-2 T cells in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This paper discusses superantigens in terms of MIS-C in children.
Akt-Fas to Quell Aberrant T Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis in Covid-19
"Aberrant T cell differentiation and lymphopenia are hallmarks of severe COVID-19 disease. Since T cells must race to cull infected cells, they are quick to differentiate and achieve cytotoxic function. With this responsiveness, comes hastened apoptosis, due to a coupled mechanism of death and differentiation in both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes via CD95 (Fas) and serine-threonine kinase (Akt). T cell lymphopenia in severe cases may represent cell death or peripheral migration. These facets depict SARS-Cov-2 as a lympho-manipulative pathogen; it distorts T cell function, numbers, and death, and creates a dysfunctional immune response."
Immune suppression in the early stage of COVID-19 disease
Immune suppression in the early stage of COVID-19 disease
Pnas
A hyperinflammatory syndrome reminiscent of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is observed in severe COVID-19 patients, including children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). TSS is typically caused by pathogenic superantigens stimulating excessive activation of the adaptive immune system.
Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - PubMed
Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Andrew Ewing on Twitter
Detailed explainer thread with 25 linked studies on Twitter: Immunity debt vs post covid immune deficiency (PCID). Not an immunology expert, but here are 25 papers/articles that collectively argue for PCID. Immunity debt is a made up term that reflects poor science.
TACT on Twitter
Detailed analysis of study on Twitter: This is huge. ➡️ 8 months to rebuild T-cell & B-cell count after mild to moderate COVID, which leaves people open to other infections!
It's no wonder many kids are having more severe symptoms.
These viruses are spreading at an exponential rate with unmitigated schools.
Antonio Caramia on Twitter
Detailed thread on Twitter: "We observe a comparable reduction in B cells in both diseases and a more severe reduction in the total amount of T cells in COVID-19 as compared to AIDS patients."
Anthony J Leonardi, MBBS, PhD on Twitter
Looks like after SARS cov 2 infection the risk of other viral infection Quadrupled
Lymphocytopenia - Hematology and Oncology - MSD Manual Professional Edition
Merck lists Covid as being a leading cause of Lymphocytopenia along with AIDS. Lymphocytopenia is where the body cannot produce enough white blood cells needed to fight infection, cancers etc:
Severe COVID-19 impairs the immune system for longer than 6 months
study confirming the detrimental long-term effects of the coronavirus on the immunesystem akin to #HIV
Small NIH study reveals how immune response triggered by COVID-19 may
"Scientists found evidence that antibodies--proteins produced by the immune system in response to viruses & other invaders--are involved in an attack on cells lining the brain’s blood vessels..." Cross-referenced in thread on Covid brain damage.
Blood-clotting imbalance persists in Long COVID, research finds
In addition to blood clotting disorders, specific cells of the immune system were at abnormal levels long after Covid infection:
Is COVID prematurely aging our immune systems?
"Research is suggesting that T cells, the cells that help produce antibodies and kill infected cells, are taking a particular hit, and that repeated SARS-CoV-2 infections may be prematurely aging human immune systems."
Chris Turnbull on Twitter
HIV-like mechanism of SarsCov2 Detailed explainer thread on Twitter: 1/ New Research: HIV-like mechanism of immune system destruction found in Sars Cov 2 (Covid 19) infection.
Sars 2 has now been found to infect the immune system directly causing immune system cell death and depletion using a mechanism similar to HIV.
Evidence brief ba4 ba5 risk assessment jul 8
"Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection adds risk of all-cause mortality, hospitalization and adverse health outcomes during acute and post-acute SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, and that the risk and burden may increase in a graded manner according to the number of infections. The evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can cause immune dysregulation is increasing."
Chris Turnbull on Twitter
Detailed analysis on Twitter: Covid, Sars 2: Public Health Canada finally admits and warns about 'immune dysregulation' caused by the virus which could have 'significant impact on the incidence and associated burden of infectious diseases' in latest briefing and that reinfection increases chances of death
Enhanced innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5
BA.5 has improved ability compared to BA.1 to 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙝𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙢𝙢𝙪𝙣𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙚𝙨.
Higher disease severity of BA.5 is 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙤𝙣𝙡𝙮 due to immune evasiveness, but also suppression of host immune responses.
charlos on Twitter
Medical anecdote: Hey #LongCovid & #MedTwitter does low CD4 definitely mean immunodeficiency or can there be a number of factors? My results are pretty low (HIV levels), & I know this was just documented in a LC study ~ does this mean we’re experiencing immunodeficiency -or am I missing something?
Kashif Pirzada, MD on Twitter
Medical anecdote: Seeing a lot of lymphopenia (low CD4, CD8 white blood cells) in ER patients these days. Seems to be over represented in those getting admitted to hospital, mostly for reasons unrelated to Covid. Are any clinician colleagues seeing the same?
dr jack lambert on Twitter
I do lymphocyte subsets on all long covid when possible. Many have low cd4 lymphocytes just like hiv.. I have documented reactivation of cmv. Ebv zoster. This is scarily similar to hiv induced immunosuppressive
LongCovidPharmD on Twitter
Medical anecdote: I'm no immunologist but a CD4 count < 500 increases your risk of opportunistic infections. At only 317, you're certainly immunocompromised. I'm so sorry; this is highly disturbing. Lymphocyte Subset panels should be ordered for all Long Covid sufferers.
People who caught Covid in first wave get ‘no immune boost’ from Omicron
This Science paper buries herd immunity.
Omicron is not a “natural booster”. It actually REDUCED immunity in past-infected triple-vaccinated people.
Beneficial Immune Regulation by Biological Response Modifier Glucans in COVID-19 and Their Envisaged Potentials in the Management of Sepsis
".. COVID-19-induced organ damage and death are due to immunosuppression, especially CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell lymphopenia. This lymphopenia is.. leading to increased secondary infections.. it is clear that COVID-19 closely resembles sepsis.."
laurie allee on Twitter
Starting thread on increased susceptibility to other infections / opportunistic infections / flares of chronic infections after acute SarsCov2. (Adding to thread started below. Some if this is cross-listed in my threads on T-cells and immune system damage.)
Amy Mitchell on Twitter
The Immune Deficiency Foundation explained that all cases of COVID cause some degree of immune suppression. See their explanation to my question in this video.
laurie allee on Twitter
"Based on our knowledge of HIV pathophysiology, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection-mediated lymphopenia could also be related to T cell apoptosis."