Reference Resources

Reference Resources

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Geographic Names Server
Geographic Names Server
The Geographic Names Server (GNS) is the official repository of standard spellings of all foreign geographic names, sanctioned by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). In addition to the current approved names of features, users may find variant and historical spellings, along with non-Roman script spellings. Each record contained within provides information on the feature's location, administrative division, and designation (e.g., populated place, stream, mountain). The GNS can be used for finding places, GIS data, cartography, and GEOINT products.
·geonames.nga.mil·
Geographic Names Server
Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) | U.S. Geological Survey
Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) | U.S. Geological Survey
Created by an act of Congress in 1879, the USGS provides science for a changing world, which reflects and responds to society’s continuously evolving needs. As the science arm of the Department of the Interior, the USGS brings an array of earth, water, biological, and mapping data and expertise to bear in support of decision-making on environmental, resource, and public safety issues.
·usgs.gov·
Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) | U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Board on Geographic Names | U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Board on Geographic Names | U.S. Geological Survey
Created by an act of Congress in 1879, the USGS provides science for a changing world, which reflects and responds to society’s continuously evolving needs. As the science arm of the Department of the Interior, the USGS brings an array of earth, water, biological, and mapping data and expertise to bear in support of decision-making on environmental, resource, and public safety issues.
·usgs.gov·
U.S. Board on Geographic Names | U.S. Geological Survey
UNSD — United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
UNSD — United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
The United Nations Statistics Division is committed to the advancement of the global statistical system. We compile and disseminate global statistical information, develop standards and norms for statistical activities, and support countries' efforts to strengthen their national statistical systems. We facilitate the coordination of international statistical activities and support the functioning of the United Nations Statistical Commission as the apex entity of the global statistical system.
·unstats.un.org·
UNSD — United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
UNTerm
UNTerm

UNTERM is a multilingual database for official terminology relevant to the work of the United Nations. It is a public website used by UN delegates and staff, as well as other users who are interested in the work and activities of the United Nations around the world.

Official terminology is provided in the six official languages of the United Nations — Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish — in line with the General Assembly mandate on multilingualism.

UNTERM contains terminology entries from entities across the UN system. To ensure consistency across the UN system, the database is managed by UN language staff specialized in each subject.

·unterm.un.org·
UNTerm
HAPI thesaurus and name authority, 1970-1989 by Barbara G. Valk | Open Library
HAPI thesaurus and name authority, 1970-1989 by Barbara G. Valk | Open Library

The HAPI Thesaurus and Name Authority contains in two sections all currently accepted access points to information appearing in the Hispanic American Periodicals Index from 1970 through 2000. The Thesaurus lists subject headings and cross references; the Name Authority lists personal and corporate names and cross references.

·openlibrary.org·
HAPI thesaurus and name authority, 1970-1989 by Barbara G. Valk | Open Library
English to French, Italian, German & Spanish Dictionary - WordReference.com
English to French, Italian, German & Spanish Dictionary - WordReference.com

Español; Français; Italiano; Português; Català; Deutsch; Svenska; Nederlands; Русский; Polski; Română; Čeština; Ελληνικά; Türkçe 英汉词典 英和辞書 영-한 사전 قاموس إنجليزي - عربي Virtual dictionaries for non-English language pairs

Conjugations, audio pronunciations, and forums for your questions.

·wordreference.com·
English to French, Italian, German & Spanish Dictionary - WordReference.com
FOLDOC - Computing Dictionary
FOLDOC - Computing Dictionary
The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing contains terms from computing such as acronyms, jargon, programming languages, tools, architecture, operating systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards, mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies, projects, products and history of computing.
·foldoc.org·
FOLDOC - Computing Dictionary
U.S. Senate: Archives of the United States Senate
U.S. Senate: Archives of the United States Senate

Senators' Papers and Archives; Senate Committee and Administrative Archives; Center for Legislative Archives; Senate Rules and Statutes Governing Senate Records; Reports of the Advisory Committee on the Records of Congress.

The Senate Office of Public Records (OPR) receives, processes, and maintains for public inspection records, reports, and other documents filed with the Secretary of the Senate involving the Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA), the Ethics in Government Act, the Mutual Security Act, and the Senate Code of Official Conduct. As provided by various Senate rules, OPR also handles public financial disclosure, reimbursed travel reports, registration of mass mailings, political fund designations, and supervisors' reports on individuals performing Senate services. The office reviews the filings of and provides guidance to registrants under the LDA.

·senate.gov·
U.S. Senate: Archives of the United States Senate
Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission - People - Department History - Office of the Historian
Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission - People - Department History - Office of the Historian

This database includes officers of the Department who were Presidential appointees (appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate) and chiefs of bureaus who hold rank equivalent to Assistant Secretary of State. These include: Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries, Deputy Under Secretaries, Assistant Secretaries, Counselors, Legal Advisers, Chiefs of Protocol, and certain administrators.

Other positions have, from time to time, been included in the database based on their particular circumstances. The complete lists of heads of the United States Information Agency (USIA), for example, are included. USIA was incorporated into the Department in 1999. Other Chiefs of Mission of particular historical interest have also been included.

·history.state.gov·
Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission - People - Department History - Office of the Historian
Reference Extracts | OUP
Reference Extracts | OUP
Oxford University Press publishes many valuable reference resources. The overwhelming majority of the content is behind a paywall (libraries usually subscribe), however this list of OA entries from various OUP titles might prove to be useful in and of itself, but it could also lead researchers to a dictionary or encyclopedia that will fill an information gap.
·oxfordreference.com·
Reference Extracts | OUP
Bibliography - World Digital Library
Bibliography - World Digital Library
This category includes a total of 5 items (as of Nov.2021) such as Ibn al-Nadim's Kitab al-fihrist (The catalog); the Manuscript Catalogue of Thomas Jefferson's Library; and the 1867 Bibliographie annamite (Annamite bibliography) - bibliography of books, periodical articles, manuscripts, and maps from or about Vietnam, going back to the arrival of the first French priest in the country in the 17th century...
·wdl.org·
Bibliography - World Digital Library
Dizionari on-line - Archivio di Stato di Venezia
Dizionari on-line - Archivio di Stato di Venezia
Website of the Venetian State Archives: Online dictionaries: TLIO the first borndigital historical Italian dictionary. Currently (2021) only the first chronological section of the dictionary is published online. Sito web dell'Archivio di Stato di Venezia, con descrizione di servizi, attività ed iniziative
·archiviodistatovenezia.it·
Dizionari on-line - Archivio di Stato di Venezia
General encyclopedic works - World Digital Library
General encyclopedic works - World Digital Library
With a total of 96 digitized books (as of Nov.2021), this collection includes all 86 volumes of the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar'), published in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1890–1907 and Muḥyiddin ibn Arabi's Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya (The Meccan revelations)
·wdl.org·
General encyclopedic works - World Digital Library