Glyconutrients

Background Growing evidence has showed an association between habitual glucosamine use and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the effect of habitual glucosamine use on risk of dementia remains poorly understood. Our study aimed to examine the association between glucosamine use and risk of dementia and further to identify the mediating role of T2D in the association. Methods A total of 495,942 participants from UK Biobank who completed a questionnaire on habitual glucosamine use were included at baseline (2006–2010) and then followed up for incidence of dementia until 2020. Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident dementia. Markov multi-state models were used to explore the role of incidence of T2D during the follow-up in the association. Results Overall, 18.80% of the participants reported habitual use of glucosamine at baseline. A total of 6831 dementia events were recorded during a median follow-up of 11 years. In fully adjusted models, habitual glucosamine use was associated with a significantly lower risk of dementia (HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82–0.93). Multi-state models showed that the association between glucosamine use and dementia was mediated by the incidence of T2D during the follow-up (HR of dementia without T2D: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86–0.99; HR of post-T2D dementia: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93). Conclusions Our findings reveal that habitual use of glucosamine supplement is associated with a lower risk of dementia, which might be explained by incidence of T2D.

Dyslipidemia is a common feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is characterised by elevated triglyceride, decreased HDL cholesterol, and increased s…

The anticancer properties of Laminaria japonica peptides (LJPs) have never been studied. Here, we extracted LJPs from fresh seaweed and explored their anti-liver cancer activity (in vivo and in vitro). LJPs were isolated/purified by HPLC-ESI-MS. HepG2 cell apoptosis and cell cycle were …

Scientific Reports - Effects of oligo-fucoidan on the immune response, inflammatory status and pulmonary function in patients with asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

AbstractBackground. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in the regulation of endothelial function, inflammatory cells, and cholesterol homeost

Veterinary Research Communications - Glyphosate (Gly) is a globally spread herbicide that can cause toxic injuries to hepatocytes. Dietary trehalose (Tre) exerts cytoprotective effect in numerous...

MicroRNAs have been recognized as important regulators of the aging process. Trehalose, a natural disaccharide, displays protective effects against neuronal impairment through several mechanisms. However, little is known about the interactive effects of aging and trehalose on behavioral function and …

Induction of autophagy is a prospective approach to the treatment of neurodegeneration. In the recent decade, trehalose attracted special attention. It is an autophagy inducer with negligible adverse effects and is approved for use in humans according to FDA requirements. Trehalose has a therapeutic …

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) Id: IRCT20210508051223N1, Registration date: 26 July 2021.

Cerebrovascular disease, a frequent complication of hypertension, is a major public health issue for which novel therapeutic and preventive approaches…

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology - Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to long-term and permanent motor dysfunctions, and nervous system abnormalities. Injury to the spinal cord triggers a signaling...

Objective: The level of precursors involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), glucosamine synthase, and N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), are significantly reduced in inflammatory bowel dis...

Combined treatment is a promising anticancer strategy for improving antiproliferation compared with a single treatment but is limited by adverse side effects on normal cells. Fucoidan (FN), a brown-algae-derived polysaccharide safe food ingredient, exhibits preferential function for antiproliferation to oral cancer but not normal cells. Utilizing the preferential antiproliferation, the impacts of FN in regulating ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation were assessed in oral cancer cells. A combined treatment (UVC/FN) reduced cell viability of oral cancer cells (Ca9-22 and CAL 27) more than single treatments (FN or UVC), i.e., 53.7%/54.6% vs. 71.2%/91.6%, and 89.2%/79.4%, respectively, while the cell viability of UVC/FN treating on non-malignant oral (S–G) was higher than oral cancer cells, ranging from 106.0 to 108.5%. Mechanistically, UVC/FN preferentially generated higher subG1 accumulation and apoptosis-related inductions (annexin V, caspases 3, 8, and 9) in oral cancer cells than single treatments. UVC/FN preferentially generated higher oxidative stress than single treatments, as evidenced by flow cytometry-detecting reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial superoxide, and glutathione. Moreover, UVC/FN preferentially caused more DNA damage (γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine) in oral cancer cells than in single treatments. N-acetylcysteine pretreatment validated the oxidative stress effects in these UVC/FN-induced changes. Taken together, FN effectively enhances UVC-triggered antiproliferation to oral cancer cells. UVC/FN provides a promising potential for preferential and synergistic antiproliferation in antioral cancer therapy.

The incidence of cognitive impairment is rising globally, but there is no effective therapy. Recent studies showed that fucoidan (Fuc), a sulfated pol…

Fucoidan from brown seaweeds has several biological effects, including preserving intestinal integrity. To investigate the intestinal protective properties of high molecular weight fucoidan (HMWF) from Undaria pinnatifida on intestinal integrity dysfunction caused by methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 (MG-H1), one of the dietary advanced-glycation end products (dAGEs) in the human-colon carcinoma-cell line (Caco-2) cells and ICR mice. According to research, dAGEs may damage the intestinal barrier by increasing gut permeability. The findings of the study showed that HMWF + MG-H1 treatment reduced by 16.8% the amount of reactive oxygen species generated by MG-H1 treatment alone. Furthermore, HMWF + MGH-1 treatment reduced MG-H1-induced monolayer integrity disruption, as measured by alterations in transepithelial electrical resistance (135% vs. 75.5%) and fluorescein isothiocyanate incorporation (1.40 × 10−6 cm/s vs. 3.80 cm/s). HMWF treatment prevented the MG-H1-induced expression of tight junction markers, including zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cells and mouse colon tissues at the mRNA and protein level. Also, in Caco-2 and MG-H1-treated mice, HMWF plays an important role in preventing receptor for AGEs (RAGE)-mediated intestinal damage. In addition, HMWF inhibited the nuclear factor kappa B activation and its target genes leading to intestinal inflammation. These findings suggest that HMWF with price competitiveness could play an important role in preventing AGEs-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in humans, and in chronic renal failure (CRF) in rats. The aim of this work was to study the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in adenine-induced CRF and the effect thereon of the purport …

The use of ionizing radiation exposure increases oxidative stress especially for cancer patients. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop antioxidants that prevent oxidative stress damage. Arabic gum is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediator. The function of Arabic gum (Acacia arabica) in protecting against injury to the liver tissue caused by 5 Gy whole-body γ-irradiation was studied using histopathological and ultrastructure techniques.Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male albino Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control (C), irradiated (R): rats were exposed to 5 Gy gamma-radiation as a single dose for 10 min., Arabic gum (AG) : rats were treated orally with 25 mg/kg/day AG for 3 weeks and AG + R. Experimental rats were treated orally with 25 mg/kg/day AG for one week before, and three weeks after irradiation, and were sacrificed after 7 and 21 days of irradiation. Results: Gamma radiation was observed to affect the histopathology and ultrastructure of liver tissues, such as distorting the central vein with a highly dilated and delaminated endothelial lining, lymphocytic infiltration, many vacuolated hepatocytes with increased signs of karyolysis and pyknosis in hepatocytes nuclei, faint electron outer and inner membranes of mitochondria and increases in collagen fibers. On the other hand, treatment with AG ameliorated all of the previous histological and ultrastructure changes. Arabic gum showed a radio-protective effect and improved liver structure indicating that pre-treatment with Arabic gum is effective in lowering the incidence of the hepatic histopathological changes induced by gamma-radiation with remarkable restoration of normal hepatocytes structure.

Glyphosate (GLY), an active ingredient of the most commonly used herbicide, when in crops and feed, is deleterious to male reproductive health. Trehal…

Clinical Efficacy of Glucosamine plus Sodium Hyaluronate for Osteoporosis Complicated by Knee Osteoarthritis and Its Influence on Joint Function and Bone Metabolic Markers: Background. Osteoporosis (OP) associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is common in older men and postmenopausal women, and it is important to find reliable and effective treatments for this disease to improve joint function and bone metabolism in this population. Objective. To clarify the clinical efficacy of glucosamine (GlcN) plus sodium hyaluronate (SH) for OP complicated by KOA (OP + KOA) and its influence on joint function and bone metabolic markers (BMMs). Methods. Admitted from July 2019 to July 2021, 126 patients with OP + KOA were selected, including 76 cases (observation group) treated with GlcN plus SH and 50 cases (control group) given GlcN alone. The pain, joint function, BMMs, and clinical efficacy were evaluated and compared. Pain and joint function assessments employed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) plus Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, respectively. BMMs mainly measured bone gla protein (BGP), serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase variant (TRACP)-5b, type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX-1), and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP). Results. Higher posttreatment VAS scores were determined in observation group as compared to control group; observation group showed lower WOMAC scores of joint function and higher Lysholm scores than control group; in terms of BMMs, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 were lower while BGP and BALP were higher in observation group; the curative effect was also higher in observation group. All the above differences were statistically significant. Conclusions. GlcN plus SH has definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of OP + KOA, which can not only significantly improve patients’ joint function and bone metabolism but also relieve pain, with high clinical popularization value.

Due to their known health-enhancing properties, Laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) may alleviate obesity via unknown mechanisms. This study aime…

A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study was used to determine the cognitive functions related to working memory (WM) and antioxidant properties of fermented Laminaria japonica (FLJ) on healthy volunteers. Eighty participants were divided into a placebo group (n = 40) and FLJ group (n = 40) that received FLJ (1.5 g/day) for 6 weeks. Memory-related blood indices (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; angiotensin-converting enzyme; human growth hormone, HGH; insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1) and antioxidant function-related indices (catalase, CAT; malondialdehyde, MDA; 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxo-dG; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) were determined before and after the trial. In addition, standardized cognitive tests were conducted using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Batteries. Furthermore, the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS)-IV, and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) were used to assess the pre and post intake changes on WM-related properties. According to the results, FLJ significantly increased the level of CAT, BDNF, HGH, and IGF-1. FLJ reduced the level of TBARS, MDA, and 8-oxo-dG in serum. Furthermore, FLJ improved physical activities related to cognitive functions such as K-WAIS-IV, MoCA-K, Paired Associates Learning, and Spatial Working Memory compared to the placebo group. Our results suggest that FLJ is a potential candidate to develop functional materials reflecting its capability to induce antioxidant mechanisms together with WM-related indices.

Obesity is a growing global health problem; it has been forecasted that over half of the global population will be obese by 2030. Obesity is complicated with many diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, leading to an economic impact on ...

The accumulation of rare-earth and heavy metal ions from wastewater is important for industrial technology. However, practical accumulators of metal ions are expensive with respect procurement of raw materials, synthesis, and preparation. Therefore, it is preferable to accumulate metal ions using sustainable resources, such as natural polymers. Fucoidan, a water-soluble natural polymer, is a sulfated polysaccharide from the cell-wall of brown algae. Therefore, fucoidan behaves as an acidic polysaccharide in an aqueous solution. We prepared a fucoidan-inorganic composite material by mixing fucoidan and a silane coupling reagent, bis(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)amine (SiNSi). This fucoidan-SiNSi (F-SiNSi) composite material showed a water-insoluble property. This is due to the encapsulation of fucoidan into a three-dimensional network of SiNSi with siloxane bonding. When the F-SiNSi composite material is immersed in a metal ion-containing aqueous solution, the composite material accumulated the metal ions. The binding affinity of each metal ion was Ca(II), Mg(II) < Nd(III) < Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), La(III) < In(III) < Y(III). Additionally, the maximum-accumulated amounts of the Nd(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), La(III), In(III), and Y(III) ions were 140, 200, 190, 200, 200, 230, and 270 nmol per mg of fucoidan, respectively. Furthermore, the molar ratios of the acidic groups (the sulfate and carboxyl groups) in the fucoidan and accumulated metal ions, were 0.081&ndash;0.156. Therefore, the F-SiNSi composite material showed a selectivity for rare-earth and heavy metal ions. The accumulation mechanism of the rare-earth and heavy metal ions was related to the carboxyl groups in the fucoidan.